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Details information to ensure equipment is properly installed and handled for safe condition.
Provides procedures for correct working to ensure safety during installation, commissioning, and servicing.
Details changes in hardware and software for firmware version C2.x of P441, P442 & P444.
Explains how to navigate the menu options via the front panel keypad and LCD.
Introduces MiCOM relays as numerical distance relays for power system plant.
Details individual protection functions and how they are applied to the relay.
Describes the five zones of phase fault protection and their characteristics.
Details the five zones of earth fault protection and their characteristics.
Provides the general equation and logic for distance protection tripping.
Explains how to set the distance zones, including reaches, angles, and timing.
Discusses various distance protection schemes, including channel-aided and basic schemes.
Provides an overview of the relay's hardware modules and their functions.
Explains the modular hardware design of the relay, composed of essential and optional modules.
Describes the relay's software conceptually split into four elements: operating system, system services, platform, and protection & control software.
Details the various hardware modules within the relay and their functions.
Details the relay's software architecture, including the real-time operating system, system services, platform, and protection & control software.
Explains the process of measuring distance and apparent resistance of a fault using equations.
Describes the patented high-speed algorithm for phase selection and directional decision, based on transient components.
Details algorithms that use impedance values measured under fault conditions for phase selection and directional determination.
Describes the tripping logic associated with different zones, including time delays and pilot aided tripping.
Explains the integral fault locator that uses current and voltage inputs to measure distance to fault.
Details the power swing detection element used to selectively prevent tripping during power swings or detect out-of-step conditions.
Explains how high resistance faults are detected using residual voltage and current thresholds or high-speed algorithms.
Describes how fault direction is determined by measuring the angle between residual voltage and residual current derivative.
Specifies the ratings for currents, voltages, auxiliary voltage, frequency, logic inputs, output relay contacts, field voltage, loop connections, and wiring.
Specifies reference conditions, measurement accuracy, protection accuracy, and influencing quantities.
Details the setting ranges for various protection functions including distance, overcurrent, negative sequence, broken conductor, and earth fault protection.
Specifies setting ranges for line parameters, zones, power swing detection, and distance protection schemes.
Details threshold settings and time delay settings for back-up overcurrent protection.
Serves as a guide to selecting appropriate cable and connector types for each terminal on the MiCOM relay.
Covers checks for the relay's physical condition, functioning, and input quantity measurements.
Ensures that application-specific relay settings and programmable scheme logic settings have been correctly applied.
Explains how to perform functional tests for distance protection, including start control and characteristic limits.
Tests the overcurrent protection function (stage 1) in setting group 1 to verify correct application-specific settings.
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General