General Remarks
DOC-M88-EXX268_V1_12.2016 19
2 General Remarks
2.1 Heating Principles
Heating / cooling devices can be roughly divided into: direct heaters, environmental
heaters and a combination of both (direct and radiation heater).
• Heating / cooling devices can be roughly divided into two groups: direct heaters and
environmental heaters.
• Anton Paar chambers cover the range from RT up to 2300°C for heating systems.
• Additional cooling increases the range down to –193°C.
• Pressures from 10
-4
mbar up to 100 bar are possible.
• Special chambers for humidity and reactive gases are available.
Some features of direct heaters are:
• The easiest way of heating a sample is achieved by direct heating.
• The heating filament is a flat ribbon of Pt, Ta, W or Graphite (with AlN crucible)
• High temperatures are accessible.
• The sample is distributed on the heater.
• A direct contact is given which allows fastest heating (> 10°/s).
• The thermocouple is located on the opposite side of the heater.
• The filament is stretched by a spring to compensate elongation due to thermal
expansion during heating.
• This type of chamber has a low price and is easy in handling.
• Reaction of sample with heater is possible.
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