Continuous Controllers in the MIDI Specification
F-2
PC
88
The remainder of the set, 20-31 and 52-63, are at present undefined.
The Switches: 64-69
The next set of Controllers was originally reserved for binary switched functions, transmitted by momentary-con-
tact or locking pedals, and could have one of only two values: 0 (off) or 127 (on). The MIDI Spec says a receiver is
supposed to consider any values between 0 and 63 to be ÒoffÓ, and values 64 and up to be ÒonÓ, although some older
receivers interpret any value above 0 as ÒonÓ. These Controllers are still used as switches for the most part, but some
manufacturers use them as full-value (0-127) Controllers.
08/40
08/28
Balance
Transmitter is a slider; receiver is the balance between two
layers of a sound, or the wet/dry mix of an effects device
09/41 09/29 undefined
10/42 0A/2A
Pan
Transmitter is a slider; receiver changes stereo pan position of
sound
11/43 0B/2B
Expression
Transmitter is a pedal; works in conjunction with 07 (Vol-
ume) to make “temporary” volume changes or performance
inflections. Volume can be thought of as a fader on a console,
while Expression the pedal on an organ.
PC88 default as-
signment (11) is Pedal 1.
12/44
0C/2C
Effect Control 1
Transmitter is a slider or knob; receiver is a control in an ef-
fects device—reverb, delay, equalizer, etc.—which might be
send, wet/dry mix, or a particular parameter of the effect
13/45 0D/2D Effect Control 2 same as Effect Control 1
14/46 0E/2E undefined
15/47 0F/2F undefined
16/48 10/30 General Purpose #1 Transmitter and receiver can be anything. General Purpose
Controllers are designated essentially to prevent them from
being defined for anything specific. This controller is also
used by some transmitters for the x-axis position of a joystick.
17/49 11/31 General Purpose #2 Used by some transmitters for the y-axis position of a joy-
stick.
18/50 12/32 General Purpose #3
19/51 13/33 General Purpose #4
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