R&S ZVL Measurement Examples
Advanced Tasks
Operating Manual 1303.6580.32-05
112
• Mkr 2 s
hows the position of the fault in the first cable.
• Mkr 3 shows the position of the second adapter between the first and the second cable, causing a
reflection at either side. The distance between the two maxima of this spike corresponds to the
length of the adapter.
• Mkr 4 shows the reflection at the end of the second cable due to a small residual mismatch.
• With an open second cable, the result looks a little more complex:
• Compared to the situation with matched termination, the spikes at the positions of Mkr 1, Mkr 2,
and Mkr 3 are virtually unchanged.
• Mkr 4 shows the reflection at the end of the second cable. The open cable reflects almost the
entire signal power; full one-port calibration normalizes the trace so that the maximum of the spike
is close to 0 dB.
• The spikes beyond Mkr 4 indicate multiple reflections. E.g. the double spike at the position of
Mkr5 corresponds to a signal that has once traveled through the first cable (in both directions) and
twice traveled through the second line due to bouncing between open end and adapter.
Network (De-)embedding
The Virtual Transform menu provides the functions for network embedding and deembedding. The
following examples show how to use the functions.
To add a virtual transformation network to a port...
Suppose that your DUT is a 2-port DUT.
Connect the DUT to your analyzer: For a two-port measurement, connect the DUT between test ports
1 and 2 of the analyzer.
Establish the necessary Channel settings (port configuration, sweep range and type etc.) and select
the measured quantities (Trace – Meas).
Click Channel – Cal – Port Extension – Embedding to open the Embedding... dialog.
In the dialog, select the Port to which you want to add a virtual transformation network (e.g. Port 1)
and do one of the following:
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