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The biological effects of radio frequency energy should not be confused with the effects from other
types of electromagnetic energy.
Very high levels of electromagnetic energy, such as is found in X-rays and gamma rays, can ionize
biological tissues. Ionization is a process where electrons are stripped away from their normal
locations in atoms and molecules. It can permanently damage biological tissues including DNA, the
genetic material.
The energy levels associated with radio frequency energy, including both radio waves and
microwaves, are not great enough to cause ionization of atoms and molecules. Therefore, RF energy is
a type of non-ionizing radiation. Other types of non-ionizing radiation include visible light, infrared
radiation (heat), and other forms of electromagnetic radiation with relatively low frequencies.
While RF energy does not ionize particles, large amounts can increase body temperatures and cause
tissue damage. Two areas of the body, the eyes and the testes, are particularly vulnerable to RF
heating because there is relatively little blood flow in them to carry away excess heat.
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