- 163 -
VDNUƗMRãRVPHWƗODSXWHNƺXVLHHMDVXQL]HMDVUXƺƺLXQVWLHSOHVYLU]ƯWƗML
Ɩ5.Ɩ57$67(+1,6.Ɩ$3.23(
Ɩ5.Ɩ57$6 7(+1,6.2 $3.23, 9$5 9(,.7 7,.$, 3,(5('=Ɯ-8â$,6 9$,
.9$/,),&Ɯ7$,6 3(5621Ɩ/6 .85$0 ,5 =,1Ɩâ$1$6 (/(.75Ʈ%$6 81
0(+Ɩ1,.$6-20Ɩ816$6.$ƻƖ$57(+1,6.212508,(&(1
8=0$1Ʈ%83,5060(7,1Ɩâ$1$6$3$5Ɩ7$3$1(ƹ812ƻ(0â$1$6
81 7892â$126 ,(.âƜ-$, '$ƹ$, 3Ɩ5/,(&,1,(7,(6 .$ 0(7,1Ɩâ$1$6
$3$5Ɩ76,5,=6/Ɯ*7681$76/Ɯ*7612%$52â$1$67Ʈ./$
9HLFRW SƗUEDXGHV NDG PHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWD LHNãƝMDV GDƺDV DWURGDV]HP
VSULHJXPD YDU LHJnjW VPDJX HOHNWURãRNX SLHVNDURWLHV SLH ]HP VSULHJRMXPD
HVRãDMƗPGHWDƺƗPXQYDLYDULHYDLQRWLHVSLHVNDURWLHVSLHNXVWƯJƗPGDƺƗP
3HULRGLVNL ELHåXPV LU DWNDUƯJV QR HNVSOXDWƗFLMDV UHåƯPD XQ DSNƗUWƝMDV YLGHV
SLHVƗUƼRMXPD SƗUEDXGLHW PHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWD LHNãƝMR GDƺX XQ QRWƯULHW X]
WUDQVIRUPDWRUDHVRãRVSXWHNƺXVDUVDXVƗVDVSLHVWƗJDLVDVWUƗYDVSDOƯG]ƯEXPDNV
VSLHGLHQVEƗUL
1HQRYLU]LHWVDVSLHVWDJDLVDVWUƗYXX]HOHNWULVNRSODãXSXVLWRWƯUƯãDQDLL]PDQWRMLHW
ƺRWLPƯNVWXVXNXYDLSLHPƝURWXVãƷƯGLQƗWƗMXV
/DLNXSDODLNDPSƗUEDXGLHWYDLHOHNWULVNLHVDYLHQRMXPLLUODELSLHVNUnjYƝWLXQNDX]
YDGXL]ROƗFLMDVQDYERMƗMXPX
.DG YLVDV DXJVWƗN DSUDNVWƯWDV RSHUƗFLMDV LU SDYHLNWDV X]VWƗGLHW PHWLQƗãDQDV
DSDUƗWDSDQHƺXVDWSDNDƺXQSLHVNUnjYƝMLHWOƯG]JDODP¿NVƗFLMDVVNUnjYHV
,U NDWHJRULVNL DL]OLHJWV YHLNW PHWLQƗãDQDV RSHUƗFLMDV NDG PHWLQƗãDQDV DSDUƗWV
DWURGDVDWYƝUWƗVWƗYRNOƯ
3ƝF WHKQLVNƗV DSNRSHV YDL UHPRQWD YHLNãDQDV SLHYLHQRMLHW VDYLHQRMXPXV XQ
NDEHƺXVNƗWLHELMDVƗNRWQƝMLSLHYLHQRWL VHNRMRWWDP ODLWLH QHQRQƗNWXVDVNDUƝDU
NXVWƯJDMƗPGDƺƗPYDLGDƺƗPNXUXWHPSHUDWnjUDYDUEnjWLVNLSDOLHOLQƗWLHV3LHVWLSULQLHW
YLVXVYDGXVDUVDYLOFƝMLHPNƗWLHELMDVƗNRWQƝMLSLHVWLSULQƗWLVHNRMRWWDPODLSULPƗUƗ
NRQWnjUDDXJVWVSULHJXPDVDYLHQRMXPLEnjWXSLHQƗFƯJLDWGDOƯWLQRVHNXQGƗUƗNRQWnjUD
zemsprieguma savienojumiem.
0HWƗODNRQVWUXNFLMDVDL]YƝUãDQDLX]VWƗGLHWDWSDNDƺYLVDVSDSOƗNVQHVXQVNUnjYHV
,(63Ɯ-$02352%/Ɯ085,6,1Ɩâ$1$7$%
*$'Ʈ-80Ɩ-$0(7,1Ɩâ$1$6$3$5Ɩ7$'$5%Ʈ%$,51($30,(5,12â$3,506
3$0$7Ʈ*Ɩ.8 3Ɩ5%$8ä8 9(,.â$1$6 81 3,506 *5,(=7,(6 7(+1,6.Ɩ6
$3.23(6&(175Ɩ3Ɩ5%$8',(76(.2-2â2
.DGJDOYHQDLVVOƝG]LVLUSR]ƯFLMƗ³21´MƗLHGHJDVDWWLHFƯJDLODPSLƼDLMDWDVQHQRWLHN
SUREOƝPDSDUDVWLLUEDURãDQDVOƯQLMƗYDGLUR]HWHXQYDL NRQWDNWGDNãD GURãLQƗWƗML
utt.).
3ƗUEDXGLHW YDL QDY LHVOƝJWV WUDXNVPHV VLJQƗOV NDV QRUƗGD X] WHUPLVNƗV
DL]VDUJLHUƯFHVLHVOƝJãDQRVSƗUƗNDXJVWDYDL]HPDVSULHJXPDYDLƯVVDYLHQRMXPDGƝƺ
3ƗUOLHFLQLHWLHVNDWLHNƼHPWDYƝUƗDWVNDLWHSDUQRPLQƗORHPLWƝWVSƝMXJDGƯMXPƗMD
LU LHGDUERMXVLHV WHUPRVWDWLVNƗ DL]VDUG]ƯED X]JDLGLHW NDPƝU PDãƯQD SDWL DWG]LVƯV
SƗUEDXGLHWYHQWLODWRUDGDUEGHUƯJXPX
3ƗUEDXGLHW OƯQLMDV VSULHJXPX MD WƗ YƝUWƯED LU SƗUƗN OLHOD YDL SƗUƗN PD]D WDG
PHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWVSDOLNVEORƷƝWƗVWƗYRNOƯ
3ƗUEDXGLHWYDLX]PHWLQƗãDQDVDSDUƗWDL]HMDVQDYƯVVOƝJXPDMDLUƯVVOƝJXPVWDG
QRYƝUVLHWWƗFƝORQL
3ƗUEDXGLHW YDL PHWLQƗãDQDV NRQWnjUD VDYLHQRMXPL LU L]SLOGƯWL SDUHL]L LW ƯSDãL ND
VWUƗYDVDWJULHãDQDVYDGDVSDLOHLUODELSLHVWLSULQƗWDSLHPHWLQƗPƗVGDƺDVXQNDVWDUS
WƗPQDYL]ROƝMRãRPDWHULƗOXSLHPƝUDPNUƗVDV
3ƗUEDXGLHWYDLWLHNL]PDQWRWDSDUHL]DDL]VDUJJƗ]HXQNDWƗWLHNL]PDQWRWDSDUHL]Ɨ
GDXG]XPƗ