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Figure 4-9 Common-emitter characteristics of an NPN silicon Transistor ...................................................... 4-13

Figure 4-10 Path isolation resistance........................................................................................................................ 4-13

Figure 4-11 Voltage attenuation by path isolation resistance .............................................................................. 4-13

Figure 4-12 Power line ground loops ...................................................................................................................... 4-15

Figure 4-13 Eliminating ground loops .................................................................................................................... 4-15

Figure 5-1 Path resistance testing............................................................................................................................. 5-3

Figure 5-2 Common-mode offset current testing................................................................................................... 5-5

Figure 5-3 Differential offset current testing .......................................................................................................... 5-5

Figure 5-4 Contact potential testing......................................................................................................................... 5-6

Figure 5-5 Path isolation testing (guarded) ............................................................................................................ 5-8

Figure 5-6 Differential isolation testing................................................................................................................. 5-10

Figure 5-7 Common-mode isolation testing......................................................................................................... 5-10

Figure 5-8 Model 7012 block diagram ................................................................................................................... 5-12

Figure 5-9 Start and stop sequences....................................................................................................................... 5-13

Figure 5-10 Transmit and acknowledge sequence................................................................................................. 5-14

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