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Lake Shore 370 User Manual

Lake Shore 370
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User’s Manual
Model 370
AC Resistance Bridge
Includes Coverage For:
Model 370S/L/U – AC Resistance Bridge with Model 3716/L 16-Channel Scanners and 3708 8-Channel Preamp
Model 370N – AC Resistance Bridge Only
Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.
575 McCorkle Blvd.
Westerville, Ohio 43082-8888 USA
E-mail Addresses:
sales@lakeshore.com
service@lakeshore.com
Visit Our Website At:
www.lakeshore.com
Fax: (614) 891-1392
Telephone: (614) 891-2243
Methods and apparatus disclosed and described herein have been developed solely on company funds of Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc. No government
or other contractual support or relationship whatsoever has existed which in any way affects or mitigates proprietary rights of Lake Shore Cryotronics,
Inc. in these developments. Methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be subject to U.S. Patents existing or applied for. Lake Shore Cryotronics,
Inc. reserves the right to add, improve, modify, or withdraw functions, design modifications, or products at any time without notice. Lake Shore shall
not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with furnishing, performance, or use of this material.
Revision: 1.14 P/N 119-033 14 May 2009

Table of Contents

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Lake Shore 370 Specifications

General IconGeneral
BrandLake Shore
Model370
CategoryLaboratory Equipment
LanguageEnglish

Summary

User's Manual

Model 370 AC Resistance Bridge

Overview of the Model 370 AC Resistance Bridge, detailing its features and capabilities for precise resistance measurements.

Limited Warranty Statement

Warranty Period

Details the warranty coverage period and terms for the Lake Shore Model 370.

Firmware Limitations

Outlines limitations and responsibilities concerning the instrument's firmware.

Firmware License Agreement

Specifies the terms and conditions for using the instrument's firmware.

Declaration of Conformity

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Chapter 1: Introduction

General

Provides a general introduction to the Model 370 AC Resistance Bridge and its applications.

Description

Details the Model 370's features, including its design, measurement capabilities, and integrated functions.

Model 370 Features

Lists the key features and specifications of the Model 370 AC Resistance Bridge.

Scanners for the Model 370

Describes the available scanner options (3716, 3716L, 3708) and their integration with the Model 370.

Resistance Measurement

Explains the four-lead AC measurement technique used for accurate low-power resistance measurements.

Performance Enhancement

Details innovative features like matched impedance current source and active common mode reduction.

Excitation Modes

Describes the Voltage Excitation and Current Excitation modes for resistance measurement.

Temperature Control

Covers the integrated PID temperature control functionality of the Model 370.

Computer Interfaces

Details the IEEE-488.2 and RS-232C interfaces for instrument control and data acquisition.

Model 3716L Low Resistance Scanner

Describes the Model 3716L scanner, optimized for low input noise and high resolution.

Model 3708 Ultra-Low Resistance Preamp/Scanner

Details the Model 3708 scanner for ultra-low noise AC resistance measurements.

Sensor Performance

Sensor Calibration

Explains how to load and use temperature response curves for sensor calibration.

Specifications

Measurement Specifications

Lists detailed specifications for the resistance measurement type, ranges, and resolution.

Temperature Control Specifications

Details specifications for PID control, heater output, and control parameters.

Interface Specifications

Outlines capabilities and parameters for IEEE-488.2 and RS-232C interfaces.

Safety Summary

Ground the Instrument

Instructions for proper grounding to minimize electrical shock hazards.

Safety Symbols

Explains the meaning of safety symbols used in the manual and on the instrument.

Chapter 2: Background

Useful Temperature Range

Discusses the Model 370's capabilities for measurements at low temperatures.

Temperature Scales

Provides information on temperature scales, including ITS-90 and working standards.

Cryogenic Cooling System Terminology

Introduces terminology for cryogenic systems like dilution refrigerators and ADRs.

Dilution Refrigerator Terminology

Defines terms and components related to dilution refrigerators.

3He Cryostat

Describes the basic features and terminology of a 3He cryostat system.

Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR)

Explains the principles and components of an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator.

Theory of Operation

Resistance Measurement

Explains the AC measurement technique, excitation, and noise reduction strategies.

Shielding and Grounding Theory

Details theories on shielding, grounding, and preventing ground loops for accurate measurements.

Active Common Mode Reduction

Describes the feature that minimizes common mode voltage for improved measurement accuracy.

Measurement Speed and Filtering

Explains the role of hardware and firmware filters in measurement resolution and settling time.

Noise Sources

Induced Electrical Noise

Discusses E-field and H-field noise coupling and methods to reduce their effects.

Ground Loop Noise

Explains ground loop noise and how isolation minimizes its impact on measurements.

Resistor Thermal Noise

Describes Johnson (thermal) noise, a primary noise source in resistors.

Measurement Error

Warm Up and Temperature Drift

Discusses the importance of instrument warm-up and the effects of temperature drift.

Resistor Installation

Provides suggestions for proper resistor installation for accurate measurements.

Resistor Self-Heating and Thermal Resistance

Explains how self-heating can cause errors and how to predict and compensate for it.

Cable Capacitance

Details the impact of cable capacitance on measurements, especially at high resistances.

Operating Tradeoffs

Resistor Self-heating vs. Excitation

Discusses the trade-off between self-heating and excitation level for optimal measurements.

Excitation vs. Signal-to-Noise

Explains how to balance excitation levels against signal-to-noise ratio.

Signal-to-Noise vs. Measurement Bandwidth

Details how measurement bandwidth affects signal-to-noise ratio and resolution.

Temperature Measurement

Sensor Selection

Guides on selecting appropriate temperature sensors for low-temperature applications.

Sensitivity

Discusses sensor sensitivity and its impact on measurement performance.

Temperature Resolution

Explains factors affecting temperature measurement resolution.

Accuracy

Provides guidelines for achieving best accuracy in temperature measurements.

Temperature Control

Considerations For Good Control

Key factors for achieving stable and accurate temperature control.

Closed Loop PID Control

Explains the principles of PID control and its parameters (P, I, D).

Manually Setting PID Values

Details how to manually adjust Proportional, Integral, and Derivative PID parameters.

Tuning a Closed Loop PID Controller

Provides basic rules of thumb for tuning PID control loops for optimal performance.

Chapter 3: Installation

Inspection and Unpacking

Instructions for inspecting shipping containers and unpacking the instrument.

Rear Panel Definition

Identifies and describes the connectors and controls on the rear panel of the Model 370.

Line Input Assembly

Describes the line input assembly, including power switch, fuse drawer, and voltage selector.

Resistor Input Connection and Cabling

Provides guidelines for connecting resistors and managing cables for optimal measurement.

Isolation and Grounding

Explains proper isolation and grounding techniques to prevent noise and ground loops.

Optional Scanner Installation

Grounding the Scanner

Details grounding procedures for the scanner enclosure to ensure proper system connection.

Scanner Resistor Input Cabling

Provides recommendations for scanner cabling to minimize noise and capacitance effects.

Scanner Control Connector Definition

Defines the pins and functions of the SCAN CONTROL connector.

Monitor and Reference Outputs

Monitor Voltage Output

Describes the Monitor Output BNC connector for diagnostic voltage monitoring.

Control Heater Output

Heater Output Isolation

Explains the isolation of the heater output circuitry to prevent noise and ground loops.

Calculating Control Heater Power

Provides guidance on calculating control heater power based on range and resistance.

Analog Output and Still Heater Output

Analog Output Connections

Details the BNC connectors for Analog Outputs 1 and 2 (Still).

Still Output

Describes configuring Analog Output 2 as a still heater output for cryogenic applications.

Chapter 4: Operation

Turning Power On

Procedure for safely turning the instrument on and initial startup sequence.

Display Definition

Explains the Model 370's vacuum fluorescent display layout and features.

Reading Display

Describes how to configure the display area for showing measurement readings.

Keypad Definition

Provides an overview of the instrument's keypad layout and functions.

General Keypad Operation

Explains the basic operations: direct, setting selection, and data entry.

Display Setup

Guides the user through configuring display locations, units, and resolution.

Excitation Modes, Resistance Range, and Autorange

Details how to select excitation modes, resistance ranges, and use autorange.

Voltage Excitation Mode

Explains how to use voltage excitation mode and its associated parameters.

Current Excitation Mode

Describes how to use current excitation mode for resistance measurements.

Input Setup

Covers parameters related to measurement input, specific to scanner channels.

Channel Selection

Procedure for selecting input channels, especially when using scanners.

Instrument Setup

Configuration settings applicable to all input channels, including frequency and common mode reduction.

Frequency Selection

Allows changing the excitation frequency for measurement or to avoid interference.

Active Common Mode Reduction

Enables/disables the feature to reduce noise on measurement leads.

Optional Scanner Operation

Provides an overview of operating the instrument with optional scanners.

Manual Scanner Channel Selection

Explains how to manually select active scanner channels for measurement.

Firmware Filter

Details the firmware filter settings for measurement resolution and noise reduction.

Temperature Measurement

Covers using the Model 370 for measuring temperature with resistive sensors.

Temperature Control

Explains how to operate and configure the temperature control loop.

Control Setup

Parameters for configuring the temperature control loop, including mode and channel selection.

Setpoint Units

Allows selection of setpoint units as Ohms or Kelvin for temperature control.

Manually Setting PID Values

Provides detailed steps for manually setting Proportional, Integral, and Derivative PID parameters.

Manual Heater Output

Describes setting manual heater output levels for open or closed-loop control.

Setpoint Ramp

Explains how to configure the setpoint ramp feature for smooth temperature transitions.

Max/Min Capture

Details the feature for automatically capturing maximum and minimum readings.

Linear Equation (ΔR)

Covers scaling measurement data using linear equations for display or output.

Alarms

Explains how to set up and configure high/low alarms for measurement channels.

Relays

Describes configuring and operating the instrument's relays for alarm or manual control.

Keypad Definition

Key Descriptions

Lists and describes the function of each key on the Model 370 front panel.

General Keypad Operation

Explains basic keypad operations: direct, setting selection, and data entry.

Display Setup

Guides through configuring display parameters like locations, sources, and resolution.

Display Resolution

Details how to set the display resolution for each reading location.

Display Brightness

Explains how to adjust the VF display brightness settings.

Chapter 5: Advanced Operation

Curve Numbers and Storage

Information on storing and managing up to 20 user-defined temperature response curves.

Curve Header Parameters

Details parameters used for identifying and configuring temperature curves.

Curve Breakpoints

Explains how to enter and manage breakpoint data for sensor calibration curves.

CalCurve™

Describes the CalCurve service for transferring sensor calibration data.

Front Panel Curve Entry Operations

Outlines operations for entering, editing, copying, and erasing curves via the front panel.

Edit Curve

Step-by-step guide for entering or editing user-defined temperature curves.

Erase Curve

Procedure for deleting user-defined temperature curves from the instrument.

Copy Curve

Explains how to copy temperature curves between storage locations.

Zone Tuning

Details the process of setting up and using custom temperature zones for PID control.

Entering Zone Parameter Values

Guides on configuring parameters for up to 10 custom temperature zones.

Using Zone Tuning

Explains how to activate and utilize zone tuning mode for adaptive control.

Chapter 6: Computer Interface Operation

IEEE-488 Interface

Describes the IEEE-488 interface standard and its implementation on the Model 370.

Changing IEEE-488 Interface Parameters

Instructions for setting IEEE-488 address and terminators for communication.

IEEE-488 Command Structure

Details the types of commands (Bus Control, Common, Device Specific, Message Strings).

Status Registers

Explains the Status Byte Register and Standard Event Status Register for monitoring instrument status.

IEEE Interface Example Programs

Provides examples of Visual Basic programs for IEEE-488 communication.

Visual Basic IEEE-488 Interface Program Setup

Step-by-step guide for setting up a Visual Basic program for IEEE-488 control.

Troubleshooting

Provides guidance for troubleshooting IEEE-488 interface issues.

Serial Interface Overview

Describes the RS-232C serial interface and its configuration for communication.

Physical Connection

Details the physical connection requirements for the RS-232C serial interface.

Hardware Support

Explains the hardware features supporting the serial interface, including baud rates and timing.

Message Strings

Defines the structure and types of message strings used for serial communication.

Message Flow Control

Explains user program responsibilities for managing serial communication flow control.

Serial Interface Example Programs

References example programs for serial communication setup and operation.

Program Operation

Describes how to run and interact with the serial interface example program.

Troubleshooting

Provides guidance for troubleshooting serial interface communication issues.

Command Summary

Interface Commands (Alphabetical Listing)

Lists and describes all IEEE-488 and Serial Interface commands alphabetically.

Chapter 7: Options and Accessories

Models

Lists the available Model 370 configurations and optional scanner models.

Options

Details optional features and software available for the Model 370.

Accessories

Lists accessories available for the Model 370, including connectors and cables.

Chapter 8: Service

Contacting Lake Shore Cryotronics

Provides contact information for sales, service, and support inquiries.

Returning Products to Lake Shore

Outlines the procedure for returning instruments for service, repair, or recalibration.

Fuse Drawer

Describes the fuse drawer, its location, and fuse ratings.

Line Voltage Selection

Instructions for changing the instrument's line voltage setting.

Fuse Replacement

Procedure for replacing instrument line fuses, emphasizing correct type and rating.

Error Messages

Lists and explains error messages that may appear during instrument operation.

Troubleshooting

Provides guidance for diagnosing and resolving common instrument problems.

Overload Monitoring

Explains how the instrument monitors analog circuits for overload conditions.

CS OVL (Current Source Overload)

Details the CS OVL error message, its causes, and resolution steps.

VCM OVL (Common Mode Overload)

Describes the VCM OVL error, likely causes related to common-mode noise, and solutions.

VDIF OVL (Differential Overload)

Explains the VDIF OVL error, related to input amplifier overload.

VMIX OVL (Mixer Overload)

Details the VMIX OVL error, associated with the phase sensitive detector mixer stage.

R. OVER (Range Over)

Indicates the resistance range is too low for the measured resistance.

R. UNDER (Range Under)

Indicates a range issue or reversed lead polarity, and how to resolve it.

Signal Level Troubleshooting

Guides on using monitor outputs to diagnose signal level and noise issues.

Noise Signals

Describes how to analyze observed signals to identify the character of offending noise.

Phase Relationship

Explains the importance of phase relationship and its impact on measurement accuracy.

Enclosure Top Removal and Replacement

Step-by-step instructions for safely removing and reinstalling the instrument enclosure.

Handling Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive Components

Precautions for handling ESDS components to prevent damage from static discharge.

Firmware Replacement

Procedure for replacing integrated circuits (ICs) related to firmware.

Connector and Cable Definitions

Defines various connectors and provides cable definitions for system setup.

SCAN CONTROL Connector Details

Details the pin assignments and functions of the SCAN CONTROL connector.

Resistor Sensor INPUT Connectors

Defines the pin assignments for the resistor sensor input connectors.

REFERENCE and MONITOR Connector Details

Details the pin assignments for the Reference and Monitor output connectors.

HEATER OUTPUT Connector Details

Defines the pin assignments for the HEATER OUTPUT connector.

ANALOG OUT 1 and 2 (STILL) Connector Details

Defines the pin assignments for the Analog Output 1 and 2 connectors.

ALARM RELAYS Terminal Block

Details the connections and pin assignments for the ALARM RELAYS terminal block.

RS-232 (DTE) Connector Details

Provides pin assignments for the RS-232 (DTE) connector for serial communication.

Serial Interface Cable Wiring

Suggests cable wiring diagrams for connecting the Model 370 Serial Interface to PCs.

IEEE-488 Interface Connector

Details the pin locations and signal names for the IEEE-488 interface connector.

Model 370 Calibration

Provides information and procedures for calibrating the Model 370's measurement, analog, and heater outputs.

Calibration Interface

Explains the use of computer interface commands for calibration procedures.

Resistance Measurement Calibration

Details the complex process of calibrating the resistance measurement input.

Voltage Measurement Zero Offset

Procedure for calibrating the voltage zero offset for measurement ranges.

Voltage Measurement Gain

Steps for calibrating the voltage gain coefficients for measurement ranges.

Current Source Gain

Procedure for calibrating the gain of the current source for various ranges.

Frequency Compensation

Details how to calculate and apply frequency compensation coefficients.

Scanner Compensation

Explains calibration for scanner pre-amplifier compensation.

Example Measurement Input Calibration Procedure

A step-by-step example for calibrating measurement inputs using known resistors.

Analog Voltage Output Calibration

Procedure for calibrating the analog voltage outputs for accuracy.

Heater Output Calibration

Details the calibration process for the heater output ranges.

Calibration Commands

Lists and describes calibration-specific interface commands.

Models 3716 and 3716/L Scanner Calibration

Appendix A: Glossary of Terminology

Definition

Defines fundamental terms related to temperature measurement and units.

Comparison

Provides a graphical comparison of Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin temperature scales.

Conversions

Lists formulas for converting between Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales.

Appendix B: Temperature Scales

Definition

Defines temperature as a fundamental unit and describes Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales.

Comparison

Visually compares the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin temperature scales.

Conversions

Provides formulas for converting temperatures between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.

Appendix C: Handling Liquid Helium and Nitrogen

General Handling

General safety considerations when using liquid helium and nitrogen.

Properties

Compares the properties of liquid helium and liquid nitrogen.

Handling Cryogenic Storage Dewars

Instructions for the safe operation and handling of cryogenic storage Dewars.