microcontroller's memory and the size of the program. For an ATmega328P-based microcontroller (i.e.
RedBoard Programmed with Arduino, Arduino Uno, Arduino Pro Mini, etc.), it can be up to ~300-400 LEDs.
Check out Katerborg's note about using WS2812's with different Arduinos:
KATERBORG: POWERING LOTS OF LEDS FROM ARDUINO
If you want to get really crazy, hackaday demonstrates how to power 1000 NeoPixels with the Arduino’s
limited RAM.
HACKADAY: DRIVING 1000 NEOPIXELS WITH 1K OF ARDUINO RAM
Or you can try to adapt the example code to your favorite microcontroller. Teensy development boards are an
excellent choice when using a large number of WS2812 LEDs.
Note: Depending on the amount of WS2812 LEDs that are being used with the Teensy, you may need to use
the octows2811 adapter board:
PJRC: OCTOWS2811 LED LIBRARY
Teensy LC
DEV-13305
Teensy 3.6
DEV-14057
Teensy 3.5
DEV-14055