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Delta Tau Geo Brick User Manual

Delta Tau Geo Brick
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Single Source Machine Control
……………………………………………..…...……………….
Power // Flexibility // Ease of Use
21314 Lassen St. Chatsworth, CA 91311 // Tel. (818) 998-2095 Fax. (818) 998-7807 // www.deltatau.com
^3 Programmable Servo Amplifier
^4 5xx-603800-xUxx
^5 March 8, 2016
^1 USER MANUAL
^2 Geo Brick Drive
DELTA TAU
Data Systems, Inc.
NEW IDEAS IN MOTION …

Table of Contents

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Delta Tau Geo Brick Specifications

General IconGeneral
CategoryDC Drives
ManufacturerDelta Tau
TypeGeo Brick
Communication InterfaceEthernet
Motor Types SupportedBrushless DC, Brushed DC
Feedback OptionsEncoder, Resolver
Operating Temperature Range0°C to 50°C

Summary

USER MANUAL

Geo Brick Drive

Overview of the Geo Brick Drive product.

Programmable Servo Amplifier

Categorization of the Geo Brick Drive.

INTRODUCTION

Documentation

References for further information on Turbo PMAC software.

Downloadable Turbo PMAC Script

Information on using Turbo PMAC script examples.

SPECIFICATIONS

Part Number

Details on the part numbering scheme for Geo Brick Drives.

Geo Brick Drive Options

Overview of available CPU and encoder feedback options.

Environmental Specifications

Operational temperature, humidity, and altitude limits.

Protection Specifications

Electrical protection limits including over-voltage and over-current.

Agency Approvals

Certifications obtained by the Geo Brick Drive.

Electrical Specifications

Detailed electrical characteristics for different axis configurations.

RECEIVING AND UNPACKING

Use of Equipment

Guidelines for proper and safe utilization of the Geo Brick Drive.

MOUNTING

Connector Locations

Identification of connectors on the front, top, and bottom views.

PINOUTS AND SOFTWARE SETUP

J1: Main Bus Power Input

Wiring and pinout details for the main power input connector.

Power On/Off Sequence

Procedure for safely powering the drive on and off.

Cycling Main Bus Power

Guidelines for repeatedly cycling the main bus power.

Recommended Main Bus Power Wiring/Protection

Best practices for wiring and protecting the main bus power.

J2: 24VDC Logic Power and Safe Torque Off (STO)

Connection and use of logic power and STO safety feature.

Disabling the STO (Backward compatibility)

Procedure to disable STO for backward compatibility.

Wiring and Using the STO

Instructions for wiring and utilizing the STO safety function.

J3: External Shunt Resistor

Details on connecting an external shunt resistor for deceleration.

J4: Limits, Flags, EQU [Axis 1- 4]

Pinout and configuration for axis 1-4 limit and flag inputs/outputs.

J5: Limits, Flags, EQU [Axis 5- 8]

Pinout and configuration for axis 5-8 limit and flag inputs/outputs.

Wiring the Limits and Flags

Wiring methods for limits and flags (sinking or sourcing).

Limits and Flags [Axis 1- 4] Suggested M-Variables

Recommended M-variables for axis 1-4 limit and flag configuration.

Limits and Flags [Axis 5- 8] Suggested M-Variables

Recommended M-variables for axis 5-8 limit and flag configuration.

J6: General Purpose Inputs/Outputs

Pinout and configuration for general purpose digital I/Os.

J7: General Purpose Inputs/Outputs (Additional)

Pinout and configuration for additional digital I/Os.

About the Digital Inputs and Outputs

General information on digital I/O operation and wiring.

J8: PWM Amplifier Interface

Details on connecting to third-party PWM amplifiers.

J9: Handwheel and Analog I/O

Pinout and configuration for handwheel and analog I/O.

Setting up the Analog Inputs (J9)

Configuration steps for analog inputs using Option 12.

Setting up the Analog Output (J9)

Configuration steps for analog outputs (filtered PWM).

Setting up Pulse And Direction Output PFM (J9)

Configuration for pulse and direction output signals.

Setting up the Handwheel Port (J9)

Configuration for using the handwheel port.

X1-X8: Encoder Feedback, Digital A Quad B

Pinout and setup for quadrature encoder feedback.

Setting up Quadrature Encoders

Procedure for configuring quadrature encoders.

Encoder Count Error (Mxx18)

Explanation and handling of encoder count errors.

Encoder Loss Detection, Quadrature

Detection and handling of quadrature encoder signal loss.

Step and Direction PFM Output (To External Stepper Amplifier)

PFM output configuration for external stepper amplifiers.

X1-X8: Encoder Feedback, Sinusoidal

Pinout and setup for sinusoidal encoder feedback.

Setting up Sinusoidal Encoders

Procedure for configuring sinusoidal encoders via ECT.

Encoder Count Error (Mxx18)

Explanation and handling of encoder count errors.

Encoder Loss Detection, Sinusoidal

Detection and handling of sinusoidal encoder signal loss.

X1-X8: Encoder Feedback, Resolver

Pinout and setup for resolver feedback devices.

Resolver Excitation Magnitude

Setting the excitation magnitude for resolver channels.

Resolver Excitation Frequency

Setting the excitation frequency for resolver channels.

Encoder Conversion Table Processing

Using the ECT utility for resolver feedback processing.

Calculating The Tracking Filter Gains

Method for calculating tracking filter gains.

X1-X8: Encoder Feedback, HiperFace

Pinout and setup for HiperFace encoder feedback.

Setting up HiperFace On-Going Position

Configuration for HiperFace on-going position using ECT.

Setting up HiperFace Absolute Power-On Position

Configuration for absolute position read with HiperFace.

Global Control Registers

Programming serial encoder interface clock and trigger.

Channel Control Registers

Defining channel-specific serial encoder parameters.

HiperFace Data Registers

Memory locations for HiperFace absolute power-on data.

Setting up HiperFace Encoders Example

Example configuration for HiperFace encoders.

The Global and Channel Control registers have to be initialized on power-up

PLC example for initializing global and channel control registers.

Channels 1 through 4 are driving HiperFace encoders...

HiperFace encoder data stream format for channels 1-4.

DEFINITIONS & SUBSTITUTIONS

Internal definitions and substitutions for configuration.

Encoder Count Error (Mxx18)

Explanation and handling of encoder count errors.

Encoder Loss Detection, HiperFace

Detection and handling of HiperFace encoder signal loss.

X1-X8: Encoder Feedback, SSI

Pinout and setup for SSI encoder feedback.

Global Control Registers

Programming serial encoder interface clock and trigger.

Channel Control Registers

Defining channel-specific serial encoder parameters.

SSI Data Registers

Memory locations for SSI encoder data.

SSI Control Registers Setup Example

Example configuration for SSI encoder registers.

Control Registers Power-On PLC

PLC example for power-on register configuration.

X1-X8: Encoder Feedback, EnDat 2.1/2.2

Pinout and setup for EnDat encoder feedback.

Global Control Registers

Programming serial encoder interface clock and trigger.

Channel Control Registers

Defining channel-specific serial encoder parameters.

EnDat Data Registers

Memory locations for EnDat encoder data.

EnDat Control Registers Setup Example

Example configuration for EnDat encoder registers.

X1-X8: Encoder Feedback, BiSS C/B

Pinout and setup for BiSS C/B encoder feedback.

Global Control Registers

Programming serial encoder interface clock and trigger.

Channel Control Registers

Defining channel-specific serial encoder parameters.

BiSS Data Registers

Memory locations for BiSS encoder data.

BiSS Control Registers Setup Example

Example configuration for BiSS encoder registers.

Setting up SSI | EnDat | BiSS

Methods for setting up SSI, EnDat, and BiSS encoder protocols.

Setup Summary

Summary of recommended setup techniques for absolute encoders.

Commutation Source And Type (for commutated motors, e.g. brushless)

Selecting commutation source and type for brushless motors.

Resolution Scale Factor (SF)

Explanation of the resolution scale factor parameter.

Commutation Cycle Size

Setting the commutation cycle size parameters.

Position And Velocity Scale Factors, Position Error Limit

Tuning position and velocity scale factors and error limits.

Technique 1 Example

Example configuration for Technique 1 setup.

Counts Per Revolution (Technique 1)

Calculating counts per revolution for Technique 1.

Absolute Power-On Position Read (Technique 1)

Setting up absolute position read using Technique 1.

Technique 2 Example

Example configuration for Technique 2 setup.

Counts Per User Units (Technique 2)

Calculating counts per user units for Technique 2.

Encoder Conversion Table - for commutation (Technique 2)

ECT setup for commutation using Technique 2.

Absolute Power-On Position Read (Technique 2)

Setting up absolute position read using Technique 2.

Technique 3 Example

Example configuration for Technique 3 setup.

Counts Per User Units (Technique 3)

Calculating counts per user units for Technique 3.

Encoder Conversion Table - for commutation (Technique 3)

ECT setup for commutation using Technique 3.

Absolute Power-On Position Read (Technique 3)

Setting up absolute position read using Technique 3.

X1-X8: Encoder Feedback, Yaskawa Sigma II & III

Pinout and setup for Yaskawa Sigma II/III encoder feedback.

Yaskawa Data Registers

Data registers for Yaskawa encoder feedback.

Global Control Registers

Programming serial encoder interface clock and trigger.

Channel Control Registers

Defining channel-specific serial encoder parameters.

Encoder Conversion Table Setup (Motors 1-8)

ECT setup for Yaskawa Sigma II encoders.

Position (Ixx03) and Velocity (Ixx04) Pointers

Setting position and velocity pointers for Yaskawa encoders.

Absolute Power-On Position Read (Yaskawa 16-bit)

Setting up absolute position read for 16-bit Yaskawa encoders.

Yaskawa Sigma II 17-Bit Absolute Encoder

Details on the Yaskawa Sigma II 17-bit absolute encoder.

Encoder Conversion Table Setup (Motors 1-8)

ECT setup for Yaskawa Sigma II 17-bit encoders.

Absolute Power-On Position Read (Yaskawa 17-bit)

Setting up absolute position read for 17-bit Yaskawa encoders.

Yaskawa Sigma III 20-Bit Absolute Encoder

Details on the Yaskawa Sigma III 20-bit absolute encoder.

Encoder Conversion Table Setup (Motors 1-8)

ECT setup for Yaskawa Sigma III 20-bit encoders.

Absolute Power-On Position Read (Yaskawa 20-bit)

Setting up absolute position read for 20-bit Yaskawa encoders.

Yaskawa Sigma II 13-Bit Incremental Encoder

Details on the Yaskawa Sigma II 13-bit incremental encoder.

Encoder Conversion Table Setup (Motors 1-8)

ECT setup for Yaskawa Sigma II 13-bit encoders.

Yaskawa Sigma II 17-Bit Incremental Encoder

Details on the Yaskawa Sigma II 17-bit incremental encoder.

Encoder Conversion Table Setup (Motors 1-8)

ECT setup for Yaskawa Sigma II 17-bit incremental encoders.

Yaskawa Incremental Encoder Alarm Codes

List of alarm codes for Yaskawa incremental encoders.

Homing with Yaskawa Incremental Encoders

Procedure for homing with Yaskawa incremental encoders.

X9-X10: Analog Inputs/Outputs

Pinout and configuration for X9-X10 analog I/O.

X11-X12: Analog Inputs/Outputs

Pinout and configuration for X11-X12 analog I/O.

Setting up the Analog (ADC) Inputs

Configuration steps for analog inputs.

Analog Inputs Suggested M-Variables

Recommended M-variables for analog input configuration.

Setting up the Analog (DAC) Outputs

Configuration steps for analog outputs.

Analog Outputs Suggested M-Variables

Recommended M-variables for analog output configuration.

Setting up the General Purpose Relay, Brake

Configuration for general purpose relay and brake output.

High True Brake Output

Wiring diagram for high true brake output (sourcing/sinking).

Low True Brake Output

Wiring diagram for low true brake output (sourcing/sinking).

Setting up the External Amplifier Fault Input

Configuration for external amplifier fault input.

X13: USB 2.0 Connection

Details on establishing USB communication.

X14: RJ45, Ethernet Connection

Details on establishing Ethernet communication.

X15: Watchdog and ABORT (TB2)

Configuration of watchdog timer and ABORT input.

Wiring the Abort Input

Wiring instructions for the Abort input.

Wiring the Watchdog Output

Wiring instructions for the Watchdog output.

RS232: Serial Communication Port

Details on the RS-232 serial communication port.

A1 - A8: Motor Wiring

Wiring instructions for connecting motors to axes A1-A8.

Motor Cable, Noise Elimination

Guidelines for proper motor cabling and noise reduction.

MOTOR SETUP

Step-by-step instructions for setting up motors.

Motor Setup Flow Chart

Overview of the motor setup process.

Dominant Clock Settings

Selection criteria for clock settings based on application requirements.

Recommended clock Frequencies

Default clock settings suitable for most applications.

Hardware Clock

Explanation of hardware clock settings for enhanced performance.

ADC Strobe Word (I7m06) Setting

Setting the ADC Strobe Word for default and enhanced modes.

AC/DC Brushless (Rotary/Linear) Motor Setup

Setup instructions for AC/DC brushless motors.

Commutation Angle, Current Mask: Ixx72, Ixx84

Setting commutation angle and current mask parameters.

PWM Scale Factor: Ixx66

Calculating and setting the PWM scale factor.

Commutation Position Address, Commutation Enable: Ixx83, Ixx01

Setting commutation position and enable parameters.

I2T Protection: Ixx57, Ixx58, Ixx69

Configuring I2T protection for continuous/instantaneous currents.

Commutation Cycle Size: Ixx70, Ixx71

Setting commutation cycle size based on encoder and motor parameters.

ADC Offsets: Ixx29, Ixx79

Procedure for setting ADC offsets to minimize measurement errors.

Current-Loop Tuning: Ixx61, Ixx62, Ixx76

Procedure for tuning the current loop.

Motor Phasing, Power-On Mode: Ixx73, Ixx74, Ixx80, Ixx81, Ixx91

Discussion of various motor phasing methods.

Manual | Custom Phasing

Procedure for manual and custom motor phasing.

2-Guess Phasing Method

Phasing method for motors with relatively small loads.

Stepper Phasing Method

Finer phasing method suitable for significant loads and torque.

Hall Effect Phasing: Digital quadrature encoders

Rough phasing using digital hall sensors for quadrature encoders.

Fine Phasing

Procedure for correcting hall sensor errors for optimal operation.

Hall Effect Phasing: Yaskawa Incremental encoders

Rough phasing using hall sensors for Yaskawa incremental encoders.

Absolute Power-On Phasing: HiperFace

Establishing phase reference without motor movement using HiperFace data.

Absolute Power-On Phasing: EnDat | SSI | BiSS

Absolute phasing methods for EnDat, SSI, and BiSS encoders.

Finding the Phase Offset

Experimental procedure to find the motor phase offset.

Setting up Ixx91, the power-on phase position format

Configuring the power-on phase position format.

Absolute Power-On Phasing: Yaskawa absolute encoders

Finding absolute phase position offset for Yaskawa absolute encoders.

Open-Loop Test, Encoder Decode: I7mn0

Procedure to verify encoder direction sense with open-loop test.

General recommendation for troubleshooting unsuccessful open loop tests

Troubleshooting steps for unsuccessful open loop tests.

Position-Loop PID Tuning: Ixx30…Ixx39

PID loop tuning for position control.

High Speed Motors

Implementation of commutation delay compensation for high speeds.

AC Induction (Asynchronous) Motor Setup – With Encoder

Setup instructions for AC induction motors with encoders.

Commutation Angle, Current Mask: Ixx72, Ixx84

Setting commutation angle and current mask parameters.

PWM Scale Factor: Ixx66

Calculating and setting the PWM scale factor.

Commutation Position Address, Commutation Enable: Ixx83, Ixx01

Setting commutation position and enable parameters.

Magnetization Current, Slip Gain: Ixx77

Estimating and setting magnetization current and slip gain.

I2T Protection: Ixx57, Ixx58, Ixx69, Ixx77

Configuring I2T protection for continuous/instantaneous currents.

Commutation Cycle Size: Ixx70, Ixx71

Setting commutation cycle size based on encoder and motor parameters.

ADC Offsets: Ixx29, Ixx79

Procedure for setting ADC offsets to minimize measurement errors.

Current-Loop Gains, Open-Loop/Enc. Decode: Ixx61, Ixx62, Ixx76, I7mn0

Tuning current loop gains and verifying encoder decode.

Position-Loop PID Gains: Ixx30…Ixx39

PID loop tuning for position control.

Optimizing Magnetization Current Ixx77, Slip Gain Ixx78

Procedures for optimizing magnetization current and slip gain.

Ixx77 Optimization Procedure

Steps to optimize magnetization current.

Slip Gain

Calculating and adjusting motor slip gain.

Correcting I2T Settings

Adjusting I2T settings based on optimized parameters.

Closed-Loop vs. Open-Loop Operation

Comparison of closed-loop and open-loop motor operation modes.

Field Weakening

Method to achieve higher speeds by reducing magnetization current.

High Speed Spindles

Implementation of commutation delay compensation for high speeds.

AC Induction (Asynchronous) Motor Setup – Without Encoder, Direct Micro-Stepping

Setup for AC induction motors without encoders using micro-stepping.

Commutation Angle, Current Mask: Ixx72, Ixx84, Ixx24

Setting commutation angle, current mask, and flag mode.

PWM Scale Factor: Ixx66

Calculating and setting the PWM scale factor.

Maximum Achievable Motor Speed, Output Command Limit: Ixx69

Setting the maximum achievable motor speed and command limit.

I2T Protection: Ixx57, Ixx58, Ixx69, Ixx77

Configuring I2T protection for continuous/instantaneous currents.

Motor Slip Gain: Ixx78

Calculating and adjusting motor slip gain.

Current-Loop Tuning: Ixx61, Ixx62, Ixx76

Procedure for tuning the current loop.

Moving the Motor

Instructions for moving the motor in micro-stepping mode.

DC Brush Motor Setup

Setup instructions for DC brush motors.

Phasing Search Error Bit, Current-Loop Integrator Output (Ixx96)

Clearing phasing error bit and managing integrator output.

PWM Scale Factor: Ixx66

Calculating and setting the PWM scale factor.

I2T Protection: Ixx57, Ixx58, Ixx69

Configuring I2T protection for continuous/instantaneous currents.

ADC Offsets: Ixx29, Ixx79

Procedure for setting ADC offsets to minimize measurement errors.

Current-Loop Gains, Open-Loop/Enc. Decode: Ixx61, Ixx62, Ixx76, I7mn0

Tuning current loop gains and verifying encoder decode.

Position-Loop PID Gains: Ixx30…Ixx39

PID loop tuning for position control.

MACRO CONNECTIVITY

Introduction to the MACRO ring for distributed motion control.

Introduction to MACRO

Overview of MACRO interface, benefits, and formation.

MACRO Configuration Examples

Description of common MACRO ring configurations.

Review: MACRO Nodes and Addressing

Explanation of MACRO IC nodes and addressing.

Review: MACRO Auxiliary Commands

Syntax and examples of MACRO auxiliary commands.

Configuration Example 1: Brick - Brick

Example of configuring a MACRO ring between two Bricks.

Setting up the Slave in Torque Mode

Procedure to configure a slave unit in Torque Mode.

Setting up the Master in Torque Mode

Procedure to configure the master unit in Torque Mode.

Setting up the Slave in PWM Mode

Procedure to configure a slave unit in PWM Mode.

Setting up the Master in PWM Mode

Procedure to configure the master unit in PWM Mode.

Activating MACRO Motors, Flag Control

Activating MACRO motors and controlling flags.

Typical MACRO motor settings

Default settings for MACRO motor configuration.

I2T Settings (example for motor #9)

I2T protection settings for a MACRO motor.

Motor Phasing, Open-Loop Test

Procedure for motor phasing and open-loop testing in MACRO.

Configuration Example 2: Brick – Geo MACRO Drive

Example of configuring a MACRO ring with Geo MACRO Drives as slaves.

Activating MACRO Motors

Activating MACRO motors based on Servo IC configuration.

Position, Velocity pointers

Setting position and velocity pointers for MACRO motors.

Typical MACRO motor settings

Default settings for MACRO motor configuration.

Current-Loop Tuning (Ixx61, Ixx62, Ixx76)

Procedure for tuning the current loop for MACRO motors.

Motor Phasing, Open-Loop Test

Procedure for motor phasing and open-loop testing in MACRO.

Brick – Brick MACRO I/O Data Transfer

Handling I/O data transfer between Brick units in a MACRO ring.

Transferring the Digital (Discrete) Input and Outputs

Method for transferring digital I/O data over MACRO.

Slave Digital I/Os Transfer Example

Example PLC for transferring digital I/O data from slave to master.

Master Digital I/Os Transfer Example

Example PLC for transferring digital I/O data from master to slave.

Bitwise Assignments (downloaded onto the master)

Bitwise assignments for digital I/O transfer.

Transferring the X9-X12 Analog Inputs/Outputs

Method for transferring analog I/O data over MACRO.

Transferring the J9 Analog Inputs

Method for transferring analog input data from J9 over MACRO.

MACRO Limits, Flags and Homing

Configuration of MACRO limits, flags, and homing routines.

Limits and Flags

Explanation of MACRO motors' limits and flags.

Homing from Master

Procedure for centralized homing from the master.

MACRO Suggested M-Variables

Recommended M-variables for MACRO configuration.

MACRO Configuration Power-Up Sequence

Procedure to ensure proper MACRO communication establishment.

DRIVE STRUCTURE AND TROUBLESHOOTING

Overview of drive structure and troubleshooting procedures.

Geo Brick Drive Structure

Description of the Geo Brick Drive's hardware architecture.

Serial Number and Board Revisions Identification

Information on identifying serial numbers and board revisions.

Default Mode, Strobe Word (I7m06) Setting

Setting the ADC Strobe Word for default operation.

Enhanced Mode (Reading IGBT Temperature and Bus Voltage)

Accessing IGBT temperature and bus voltage information.

Error Codes

List and description of drive error codes.

Axis Faults (n = 1 - 8)

Specific error codes related to individual motor axes.

Global Faults

Description of global faults affecting the entire drive system.

Reading IGBT Temperature and Bus Voltage

Procedure for reading IGBT temperature and bus voltage.

Calculating Motor Current Output Example

Example calculation for instantaneous motor current output.

LED Status

Description of the status indicated by the drive's LEDs.

Error 18 (Erro18)

Specific error code for phase reference issues.

Watchdog Timer Trip

Conditions that cause a watchdog timer trip.

Geo Brick Drive Specific Online Commands

List of online commands specific to the Geo Brick Drive.

Ampversion

Command to report amplifier processor firmware version.

Ampmod

Command to report Geo Brick Drive part number.

Ampsid

Command to report serial electronic identification number.

Ampclrf

Command to clear amplifier faults.

Boot Switch SW (Firmware Reload) – Write-Protect Disable

Functions of the boot switch for firmware and write-protection.

Reloading PMAC firmware

Procedure for reloading PMAC firmware.

Changing IP Address, Gateway IP, Gateway Mask

Steps to configure network settings.

Enabling ModBus

Procedure to enable the ModBus communication option.

Reloading Boot and Communication Firmware

Procedure for reloading boot and communication firmware files.

Reset Switch SW (Factory Reset)

Procedure for performing a factory reset of the drive.

LIST OF CHANGES AND UPDATES

List of significant changes and user-related updates.

AMPVER Command, December 2007

Details on the AMPVER command and its importance.

External Encoder Power Supply Connector, April 2010

Introduction of the +5V ENC PWR connector.

EEPROM Write-Protect Enable. April 2010

Explanation of EEPROM write-protect function.

AMPVER Fail-Safe Mechanism. Configuration Error, May 2010

Behavior of AMPVER command during configuration errors.

Modifications and Improvements, October 2012

Summary of modifications and improvements made in later units.

APPENDIX A

Contains schematic diagrams and samples.

Schematic Samples

Visual representation of circuit designs.

APPENDIX B

Specifications related to connector spacing.

DB Connector Spacing Specifications

Dimensional details for DB connectors.

APPENDIX C

Information on internal control board jumpers.

Control Board Jumpers (For Internal Use)

Configuration jumpers on the control board.

E13: Firmware Reload Enable (BOOT SW)

Jumper for enabling firmware reload via BOOT SW.

E14: Watchdog Disable Jumper

Jumper for disabling the watchdog timer.

E25-28: Select Encoder Index input or AENA output (channels 1-4)

Jumper settings for encoder index input or AENA output.

E35-38: Select Encoder Index input or AENA output (channels 5-8)

Jumper settings for encoder index input or AENA output.

APPENDIX D

Details on limitations of absolute serial encoders.

Absolute Serial Encoders Limitation With Turbo PMAC

Summary of limitations for absolute serial encoders.

Maximum “Actual” Open-Loop Velocity

Maximum achievable velocity in open-loop mode.

Maximum “Commanded” Closed-Loop Velocity

Maximum velocity achievable in closed-loop mode.

Maximum Motor Travel

Considerations for maximum motor travel and rollover.

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