VWLFNê]YXN
Ź =PiþNQČWH WODþtWNR Ä=$39<3³ UR]VYtWt VH
XND]DWHOSUiFH]DĜt]HQtDGLVSOHMVQDVWDYHQRX
KRGQRWRXYOKNRVWL3RþiWHþQtQDVWDYHQiKRGQR-
WDMHDSRVHNXQGiFKQDGLVSOHMLVHXNiåH
VRXþDVQiKRGQRWDYOKNRVWL
Ź 3RXåLWtP WODþtWHN ]YêãHQt QHER VQtåHQt YOK-
NRVWLQDVWDYtWHSRåDGRYDQêVWXSHĖYOKNRVWL-H
OLQDVWDYHQêVWXSHĖYOKNRVWLRQLåãtQČåDN-
WXiOQtYOKNRVWYPtVWQRVWL]DĜt]HQtVSXVWtRGYOK-
þRYDQtMHOLQDVWDYHQêVWXSHĖRY\ããtQČå
DNWXiOQtYOKNRVW]DĜt]HQt]DVWDYtRGYOKþRYDQt
Ź -HOLQDVWDYHQêVWXSHĖYOKNRVWLQLåãtQČå
]DĜt]HQtSUDFXMHYUHåLPHQHSĜHWUåLWpSUiFHQD
GLVSOHMLMHKOiãHQtÄ&2³
9<3Ì1É1Ì
Ź %ČKHP SUiFH ]DĜt]HQt ]PiþNQČWH WODþtWNR
Ä=$39<3³ =DĜt]HQt VH ]DVWDYt D XND]DWHOH
zhasnou.
32=1É0.<
Ź -HOLQDVWDYHQêVWXSHĖYOKNRVWLY\ããtQČåDN-
WXiOQtYOKNRVW]DĜt]HQtQHVSXVWtRGYOKþRYDQt
Ź -HOLQiGRENDQDNRQGHQ]iWSOQiUR]VYtWtVH
NRQWUROQt VYČWOR QDSOQČQt QiGREN\ 6RXþDVQČ
DXWRPDWLFNêY\SQHNRPSUHVRUDSRKRQYHQWLOi-
WRUX]DĜt]HQtY\Gi]YXNRYpKOiãHQtNDåGêFK
PLQXWDåVHQHY\SUi]GQtQiGUåNX-HGQRWNDVH
RSČW]DSQHSRYUDFHQtSUi]GQpQiGREN\
Ź 3UR RGVWUDĖRYiQt YOKNRVWL YHQWLOiWRU D NRP-
SUHVRUPXVtSUDFRYDWDVSRĖPLQXW\RGVSXã-
WČQt NRPSUHVRUX 1H]DStQHMWH RSČW NRPSUHVRU
SĜHVPLQXW\RGMHKRY\SQXWt
Ź %ČKHP SUiFH Y Qt]NêFK WHSORWiFK ]DĜt]HQt
DXWRPDWLFNêNRQWUROXMHWHSORWXYREYRGČSURUR]-
PUD]RYDQt3ĜLUR]PUD]HQtVHUR]VYtWtNRQWUROND
UR]PUD]HQt NRPSUHVRU SUDFXMH YHQWLOiWRU VH
Y\SQHDXWRPDWLFNê
Ź 3R]PiþNQXWtWODþtWNDSDPČWLĜtGLFtMHGQRWND
UHJLVWUXMHDNWXiOQtYOKNRVWWDNpSRY\SQXWtQDSi-
MHQt=DĜt]HQtEXGHSUDFRYDWYGĜtYČMãtPUHåLPX
DåVHRSČW]DSQHQDSiMHQt
Ź 'LVSOHM YOKNRVWL XND]XMH YOKNRVW Y UR]PH]t
Då
Ź 3RNXGSĜtVWURMGHOãtGREXQHSRXåtYiWHY\WiK-
QČWH]iVWUþNX]H]iVXYN\
35ĩ%Ďæ1ë2'72.92'<
Ź 9\MPČWHYRGQiQiGUåRWHYĜHWHX]iYČUQDGQČ
QiGUåHSĜtSRMWHY\SRXãWČFtKDGLFLRSČWQDPRQ-
WXMWHQiGUåDSURWiKQČWHKDGLFtGQHP]DĜt]HQt
ʇŹ Ô'5æ%$$%(=3(ÿ1267
Ź ),*
1HSRXåtYHMWHSURGOXåRYDFtNDEHO\DQLDGDSWpU\
1HEH]SHþt Y]QLNX SRåiUX ]iĜHQt QHER ~UD]X
HOHNWULFNêPSURXGHP
Ź ),*
1HXPtVĢXMWH ]DĜt]HQt YHGOH UDGLiWRUĤ QHER ML-
QêFK WHSHOQêFK ]GURMĤ 1HEH]SHþt UR]WDYHQt
QHER]DSiOHQt]DĜt]HQt
Ź ),*
1HSRXåtYHMWH ]DĜt]HQt Y PtVWHFK RKURåHQêFK
SĜtPpP SĤVREHQt VOXQHþQtKR ]iĜHQt YČWUHP
QHERGHãWČPSRXåtYHMWHSRX]HYLQWHULHUHFK
Ź ),*
9 SĜtSDGČ MDNpNROLY SRK\EQRVWL QDSĜ HPLVH
YĤQČQHERVSDORYiQtY\SQHWH]DĜt]HQtRRGSRM-
WHRG]GURMHQDSiMHQt1HEH]SHþtSRåiUX~UD]X
HOHNWULFNêPSURXGHPQHERMLQêFKSUREOpPĤ
Ź ),*
1HSRXåtYHMWH ]DĜt]HQt Y PtVWHFK RKURåHQêFK
SĤVREHQtP FKHPLFNêFK OiWHN 1HEH]SHþt SR-
ãNR]HQtQHERY\WpNiQt
Ź ),*
3RNXGSĜtVWURMGHOãtGREXQHSRXåtYiWHY\WiKQČ-
WH]iVWUþNX]H]iVXYN\
Ź ),*
1Hå ]DþQHWH þLVWLW SĜtVWURM MHGQRWNX Y\SQČWH D
RGSRMWH]iVWUþNXRGSĜtYRGXHOHNWULFNpHQHUJLH
9SĜtSDGČåHVH]DĜt]HQtQHRGSRMtKUR]tQHEH]-
SHþt~UD]XHOHNWULFNêPSURXGHP
Ź ),*
9 UHåLPX SUĤEČåQpKR RGYRGĖRYiQt O]H SRXåLW
Y\SRXãWČFtKDGLFt3RNXGWHSORWDYPtVWQRVWLMH
EOt]NDWHSORWČ]DPU]iQtQHGRSRUXþXMHPHSRXåt-
YDQtUHåLPXSUĤEČåQpKRRGYRGĖRYiQt
Ź ),*
6DPLQHRSUDYXMWHDQHRWYtUHMWH]DĜt]HQt1HEH]-
SHþtSRåiUXQHER~UD]XHOHNWULFNêPSURXGHP
Ź ),*
3RVWDYWH]DĜt]HQtQDVWDELOQtPSRGNODGX.G\å
VH ]DĜt]HQt SĜHYUiWt ] YQLWĜNX Y\WHþH YRGD D
PĤåH ]SĤVRELW SRãNR]HQt D Y GĤVOHGNX PĤåH
GRMtWN~UD]XHOHNWULFNêPSURXGHP
en
LW
de
es
fr
nl
da
À
no
sv
pl
ru
cs
hu
sl
hr
OW
lv
HW
ro
sk
EJ
uk
zh
6,
6.
75
8$