6-35.
Reection Tracking
E
RF
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
6-56
6-36.
\Perfect
Load"
T
ermination
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
6-56
6-37.
Measured Eective
Directivity
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
. 6-57
6-38.
Short Circuit
T
ermination
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
6-57
6-39.
Open Circuit
T
ermination
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
6-58
6-40.
Measured S
11
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
6-59
6-41.
Major
Sources
of
Error
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-60
6-42.
Transmission
Coecient
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-60
6-43.
Load
Match
E
LF
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-61
6-44.
Isolation
E
XF
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-62
6-45.
Full
Two-P
ort
Error
Model
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-63
6-46.
Full
Two-P
ort
Error
Model
Equations
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-64
6-47.
Typical
Responses
of
Calibration
Standards
after
Calibration
.
.
.
.
..
..
. 6-68
6-48.
Response
versus
S
11
1-P
ort
Calibration
on
Log
Magnitude
F
ormat
.
.
.
.
..
. 6-69
6-49.
Response
versus
S
11
1-P
ort
Calibration
on
Smith
Chart
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
6-70
6-50.
Response
versus
Full
Two-P
ort
Calibration
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
6-70
6-51.
HP
8753D
functional
block
diagram
for
a
2-port
error-corrected
measurement
system
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-86
6-52.
8-term
TRL
error
model
and
generalized
coecients
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
6-87
6-53.
Typical
Measurement
Set
up
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-89
6-54.
T
est
Setup
for
Continuous
Sample
Mode
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-97
6-55.
T
est
Setup
for
Sample-and-Sweep
Mode
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-97
6-56.
Alternate
and
Chop
Sweeps
Overlaid .
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-100
6-57.
Instrument
State
Function
Block
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-102
6-58.
Typical
Setup
for
the
External Source
Mode .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-110
6-59.
Typical
T
est
Setup
for
a
Frequency Oset
Measurement
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-113
6-60.
Typical
Harmonic
Mode
T
est
Setup
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-115
6-61. Device
Frequency
Domain
and
Time
Domain
Reection
Responses
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-118
6-62.
A Reection
Measurement
of
Two
Cables
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-120
6-63.
Transmission Measurement
in
Time
Domain
Bandpass
Mode
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-121
6-64.
Time Domain
Low P
ass
Measurements
of
an
Unterminated
Cable
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-123
6-65.
Simulated Low
Pass
Step
and
Impulse
Response
W
aveforms
(Real
F
ormat)
.
.
.
6-124
6-66.
Low P
ass Step
Measurements
of
Common
Cable
F
aults
(Real
F
ormat)
.
.
.
.
.
6-125
6-67.
Time
Domain
Low
P
ass
Measurement
of
an
Amplier
Small
Signal
Transient
Response
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-126
6-68.
Transmission
Measurements
Using
Low
P
ass
Impulse
Mode
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 6-127
6-69.
Masking
Example
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-128
6-70.
Impulse
Width,
Sidelobes
,
and
Windowing
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
. 6-128
6-71.
The
Eects
of
Windowing
on
the
Time
Domain Responses
of a
Short Circuit
..
6-130
6-72.
Response
Resolution
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6-132
6-73. Range Resolution of a Single Discontinuity
...
..............
6-132
6-74. Sequence of Steps in Gating Operation
....
...............
6-133
6-75. Gate Shape
.... ... ..
.... .... .. .... .... .... .
6-134
6-76. Amplier Gain Measurement . . . . . . . . .
... ... .. .... ...
6-135
6-77. Combined Eects of Amplitude and Phase Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-136
6-78. Separating the Amplitude and Phase Components of T
est-Device-Induced
Modulation.......................
.... ....
6-136
6-79. Range of a F
orward Transform Measurement
................
6-137
6-80. Parallel Port Input and Output Bus Pin Locations in GPIO Mode .. .... . 6-141
6-81. Amplier Parameters... .... .... .... .. .... .... ... 6-145
6-82. Swept Frequency Amplier Measurement of Absolute Fundamental, 2nd and 3rd
Harmonic Output Levels ........................ 6-145
6-83. Swept Frequency Amplier Measurement of 2nd and 3rd Harmonic Distortion
(dBc) ................................. 6-146
6-84. Diagram of Gain Compression .. .... .... .... .... .... . 6-147
Contents-20