JOSAM laser AM
Measuring system
37
Wheel angles for front axles
A=Wheel angle
V=Vertical line
A
B
A
V
V=Vertical line
A=Axle angle
A
V
V=Vertical line
A=Kingpin inclination
A
V
Toe-in/toe-out
Toe-in (+): distance between the front wheels (A) is
less than distance between the back wheels (B).
Toe-Out (-): distance between the back wheels (B)
is less than distance between the front wheels (A).
Measurement in mm/m or minutes ´ .
Camber
Leaning of the wheel outward or inward.
The upper part of the wheel leans outward: positive
(+) camber.
The upper part of the wheel leans inward: negative
(-) camber.
Measurement in degrees º and minutes ´.
Caster
The backward or forward inclination of the kingpin,
as seen from the side.
The upper part of the kingpin inclines backward-
positive (+) caster.
The upper part of the kingpin inclines forward-
negative (-) caster.
Measurement in degrees º and minutes ´.
KPI (kingpin inclination)
The upper part of the kingpin inclines inward when
seen from the front or the back.
Measurement in degrees ° and minutes ´.
toe out on turn (TOOT)
Different turn for outer and inner wheels during
turning.
The angle on the steering arms in relation to the
wheel makes the inner wheel rotate more than the
outer wheel.
Measurement in degrees ° and minutes ´.
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