APPLICATION EXAMPLES 
  47 
 
Test step 
1.  Apply a triangle waveform to the amplifier first. 
Adjust the waveform amplitude to make sure there is 
no clipping. 
2.  Switch to square waveform and adjust its frequency 
to the middle of  the amplifier pass band, such as 
20Hz, 1kHz, and 10kHz. 
3.  Observe the shape of  the amplifier output. The 
following table shows the possible output distortions 
and their explanations. 
 
•  Amplitude reduction at low 
frequency 
•  No phase shift 
Transient 
characteristic 
list 
 
•  Low frequency boosted (accentuated 
fundamental) 
 
 
•  High frequency loss 
•  No phase shift 
 
 
•  Low frequency phase shift 
•  Trace thickened by hum-voltage 
 
 
•  High frequency loss 
•  Phase shift 
 
 
•  Low frequency loss 
•  Phase shift 
 
 
•  Low frequency loss 
•  Low frequency phase shift 
 
 
•  High frequency loss 
•  Low frequency phase shift 
 
 
•  Damped oscillation 
 Note 
For narrow band amplifier testing, square wave may not 
be suitable. 
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