Operational velocities
Speed limits
Velocity
TAS
[km/h (kts)]
Remarks
Vmax
Maximum permitted
horizontal speed
240 (130)
Never exceed this speed in horizontal ight.
When ying close to the Vmax never use more
than one third of controls' deecions.
VNE
Velocity never to be
exceeded
249 (134)
Never exceed this speed. Should the VNE be
exceeded, land as soon as possible and have the
aircraft veried for airworthiness by authorised
service personnel.
VRA
Maximum safe velocity
in rough air
141 (76)
Exceed this speed in calm air only and even
then with great caution.
VA
Manoeuvering velocity
141 (76)
Do not use rough or full stick and
rudder deecions above this speed.
VFE
Max. velocity aps
extended
130 (70)
Do not exceed this speed with aps
extended.
VAE
Max. velocity of airbra-
ke extention
160 (86)
Do not extend spoilers above this
speed.
Airspeed indicator markings
MARKING TAS [km/h (kts)] Denition
white arc
64 -130
(34 - 70)
Speed range where aps may be extended. Lower end is dened
as 110% of VS (stall speed in landing conguration at MTOM),
upper end of speed range is limited by VFE (see above).
green arc
66 -141
(36 - 76)
Speed range of normal operation. Lower end is dened as 110%
of VS1 (stall speed at MTOM with aps in neutral position), upper
end is limited by VRA (see above).
yellow arc
141 - 240
(76-130)
Manouvre the aircraft with great caution in calm air only.
red line
240 - 249
(130 - 134)
Maximum speed allowed.
blue line
130 (70)
Best climb rate speed (V
Y
)
Indicated airspeed (IAS) to true airspeed (TAS) relation
Airspeed indicator measures the dierence between total and static pressure (also called dynamic pressure),
which does not only change as speed increases, but is also linked with altitude. Flying at high altitudes, where
the air is getting thinner, results in misinterpreting airspeed which is being indicated. The indicated airspeed
value is actually lower than the true airspeed to which the aircraft is exposed. The higher you y, the bigger the
Introduction
This chapter provides information about operational restrictions, instrument markings and basic
knowledge on safe operation of aircraft, engine and on-board appliances.
Limitations