Chapter 9 Current Transformer Requirements 197
1 Chapter Overview 199
2 CT requirements 200
2.1 Phase Overcurrent Protection 200
2.1.1 Directional Elements 200
2.1.2 Non-directional Elements 200
2.2 Earth Fault Protection 201
2.2.1 Directional Elements 201
2.2.2 Non-directional Elements 201
2.3 SEF Protection (Residually Connected) 201
2.3.1 Directional Elements 201
2.3.2 Non-directional Elements 201
2.4 SEF Protection (Core-Balanced CT) 202
2.4.1 Directional Elements 202
2.4.2 Non-directional Elements 202
2.5 Low Impedance REF Protection 202
2.6 High Impedance REF Protection 202
2.7 High Impedance Busbar Protection 203
2.8 Use of Metrosil Non-linear Resistors 203
2.9 Use of ANSI C-class CTs 205
Chapter 10 Voltage Protection Functions 207
1 Chapter Overview 209
2 Undervoltage Protection 210
2.1 Undervoltage Protection Implementation 210
2.2 Undervoltage Protection Logic 211
2.3 Application Notes 212
2.3.1 Undervoltage Setting Guidelines 212
3 Overvoltage Protection 213
3.1 Overvoltage Protection Implementation 213
3.2 Overvoltage Protection Logic 214
3.3 Application Notes 215
3.3.1 Overvoltage Setting Guidelines 215
4 Rate of Change of Voltage Protection 216
4.1 Rate of Change of Voltage Protection Implementation 216
4.2 Rate of Change of Voltage Logic 216
5 Residual Overvoltage Protection 218
5.1 Residual Overvoltage Protection Implementation 218
5.2 Residual Overvoltage Logic 219
5.3 Application Notes 219
5.3.1 Calculation for Solidly Earthed Systems 219
5.3.2 Calculation for Impedance Earthed Systems 220
5.3.3 Neutral Voltage Displacement (Nvd) Protection Applied To Condenser Bushings (Capacitor Cones) 221
5.3.4 Setting Guidelines 227
6 Negative Sequence Overvoltage Protection 228
6.1 Negative Sequence Overvoltage Implementation 228
6.2 Negative Sequence Overvoltage Logic 228
6.3 Application Notes 228
6.3.1 Setting Guidelines 228
7 Sensitive Overvoltage Supervision 230
7.1 Sensitive Overvoltage Implementation 230
7.1.1 Sensitive Overvoltage Filter Mode 230
7.2 Sensitive Overvoltage Logic 231
7.2.1 Sensitive Overvoltage Operation Logic 231
7.2.2 Sensitive Overvoltage Filter Mode Logic 232
Contents P14x
vi P14xEd1-TM-EN-1