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3. Voltage Swell
1) Phenomenon
Instantaneous rise of RMS voltage
2) Cause
3) Damage
Lightning strikes
Introducing heavy loads
Destruction of power supplies in
equipment
4. Instantaneous Interruptions
1) Phenomenon
Instantaneous or short/long term power
outage
2) Cause
3) Damage
Accident on distribution network
(Lightning, snow, ice, contact of birds/
trees, effects of accidents)
Short-circuit
Stop or equipment reset
5. Unbalance Factor
1) Phenomenon
Imbalance of each phase in 3-phase system
2) Cause
3) Damage
Imbalance of loads by 1-phase load
connection (especially long distribution
lines)
Transformer capacity difference at
receptacle
Overheating of a 3-phase inductive motor
or transformer
Stop equipment by 3E relay tripping (over-
current, missing phase, reverse-phase)
Uneven motor rotation
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