Intel 80286 User Manual

OVERVIEW OF NUMERIC PROCESSING
were long real or temporary real, since these formats can handle exponents down to -1023 and -16,383,
respectively.
Most computers underflow "abruptly:" they simply return a zero result, which
is likely to produce an
unacceptable final result if computatiol). continues. The 80287,
on the other hand, underflows "gradu-
ally" when the underflow exception
is masked. Gradual underflow is accomplished by denormalizing
the result until it
is just within the exponent range of the destination format.- Denormalizing means
incrementing the true result's exponent and inserting a corresponding leading zero in the significand,
shifting the rest of the significand one place
to the right. Denormal values may occur in any of the
short-real, long-real, or temporary-real formats. Table
1-7 illustrates how a result might be denormal-
ized
to fit a short-real destination.
The intent of the 80287's masked response to underflow is to allow computation to continue without
program intervention, while introducing an error that carries about the same risk of contaminating the
final result as roundoff error. Roundoff (precision) errors occur frequently in real number calculations;
sometimes they spoil the result of computation, but often they
do not. Recognizing that roundoff errors
are often nonfatal, computation usually proceeds, and the programmer inspects the final results
to see
if these errors have had a significant effect. The 80287's masked underflow response allows program-
mers
to treat underflows in a similar manner; the computation continues and the programmer can
examine the final result
to determine if an underflow has had important. consequences. (If the
underflow has had a significant effect, an invalid operation
will probably be signalled later in the
computation.)
Denormalization produces a denormal or a zero. Denormals are readily identified by their exponents,
which are always the minimum for their formats; in biased form, this
is always the bit string: 00 ... 00.
This same exponent value is also assigned to the zeros, but a denormal has a nonzero significand. A
denormal
in a register is tagged special. Tables 1-14 and 1-15 later in this chapter.show how denormal
values are encoded in each of the real data formats.
The denormalization process may cause the
loss of low-order significand bits as they are shifted off the
right. In a severe case,
all the significand bits of the true result are shifted out and replaced by the
leading zeros. In this case, the result of denormalization
is a true zero, and if the value is in a register,
it
is tagged as such. However, this is a comparatively rare occurrence and, in any case, is no worse than
"abrupt" underflow.
Table 1-7. Denormalization Process
Operation
Sign
Exponent(')
Significand
True Result
0
-129
1.l01 0111 00 ... 00
Denormalize
0
-128
0.l1 01 0111 00 ... 00
Denormalize 0
-127
U.lU1 01 0;;; 00 ... 00
Denormalize
0
-126
0.l001 01 0111 00 ... 00
Denormal Result(2)
0
-126
0.l001 01 0111 00 ... 00
NOTES:
(') Expressed as unbiased, decimal number.
(2) Before storing, significand is rounded to 24 bits, integer bit is dropped, and exponent is biased by adding
126.
1-22
pcjs.org

Intel 80286 Specifications

General

Processor Type	Microprocessor
Clock Speed	6 MHz to 25 MHz
Transistor Count	134, 000
Addressable Memory	16 MB
Instruction Set	x86
Architecture	x86
Data Bus Width	16-bit
Address Bus Width	24-bit
Operating Modes	Real mode, Protected mode
Process Technology	1.5 µm
Voltage	5V
Introduced	1982
Package	68-pin PGA