Agilent Technologies 4395A - Page 349

Types
of
Residual
Measurement Errors
Types of
Residual Measurement
Errors
Network
analysis
measurement
errors
can be
separated into
three types:
systematic,
random,
and
drift
errors
.
Measurement errors
that remain
after measurement
calibration are
called
residual
measurement
errors
.
See \Calibration
for Network
Measurement" in
Appendix A
for a
detailed
description
of
the
systematic errors
corrected by
measurement calibration.
Residual
Systematic Errors
These
errors
result
from
imperfections
in
the
calibration
standards
,
connector
standards
and
interface
,
interconnecting
cables
,
and
instrumentation.
These
are
the
errors
that
aect
transmission
and
reection
measurements
.
Transmission
Measurements
Reection
Measurements
Dynamic
accuracy
Eective
switch
port
match
Eective
load
match
Eective
source
match
Switch
tracking
Multiplexer
switching
Uncertainty
Frequency
error
Eective
crosstalk
Eective
transmission
tracking
Cable
stability
Eective
directivity
Eective
reection
tracking
Residual
Random
Errors
These
non-repeatable
errors
are
due
to
trace
noise
,
noise
oor
,
and
connector
repeatability
.
They
aect
both
transmission
and
reection
measurements
.
Residual
Drift
Errors
These
errors
stem
from
frequency
drift
and instrumentation
drift. They
aect both
kinds of
measurements
.
Instrumentation
drift
is
primarily
temperature
related.
Specications and Supplemental Characteristics 11-33