!
!
"#$%&! #'()*+,-./!01++!23+(-*(3-4!5+)*6+!7839)! R!
;2:+$'B+:1%*1+%9'(C"*21+%9'
23+(-*(3-4!3+!1!(<=)!-'!) '') .( !(, 1 (!@-*/+!C<!9 3+( - *(34 > !(, ) !34 =8 ( !+3> 4 1A?!23+(-*(3-4!.14!-..8*!34!1!D1*3)(<!
-'!@1<+!149!*)+8A(+!34!1!@39)!D1*3)(<!-'!-8(=8(+?!;,3+!(1CA)!+,-@+!1!+3B=A)!*)=*)+)4(1(3-4!-'!@,1(!
+-B)!93'')*)4(!(<=)+!-'!93+(-*(3-4!A--/!A3/)?!
Clean'signal:!F3(,!4-!93+(-*(3-4G!(,)!>83(1*!
+3>41A!=1++)+!(,*-8>,!(,)!.3*.83(!841'').()9?!I4!
(,3+!)K1B=A)G!1!=8 *)!+34 )!(-4 )!3+!8+) 9!1+ !1!()+(!
+3>41A?!
Tube/transistor'saturation'(soft'clipping):!
;8C)!149!(*14+3+(-*!1B=A3'3)*+!)4()*!1!
+1(8*1(3-4!+(1()!@,)4!-D)*9*3D)4!149!+(1*(!(-!
93+(-*(!(,)!+,1=)!-'!(,)!+3>41A?!;,3+!34D-AD)+!
+-B)!+-'(!.A3==34>!1(!(,)!=)1/+!149!D1AA)<+!-'!
(,)!+3>41AG!149!B 1<!C )!+<B B ) (*3.1A!- *!
1+<BB)(*3.1A!34!+,1=)?!
Asymmetrical:'
!
Symmetrical:'
!
Diode'clipping'(hard'clipping):!23-9)+!.14!
.A1B=!-*!A3B3(!(,)!+3>41A!(-!1!B1K3B8B!A)D)A?!
Symmetrical'hard'clipping:!;,)!+3>41A!.A3=+!
)\81AA<!-4!(,)!(-=!149!C-((-B?!
!
Asymmetrical'hard'clipping:!;,)!+3>41A!.A3=+!1(!
93'')*)4(!A)D)A+!-4!(,)!(-=!149!C-((-B?!
!
Overshoot:!2)=)4934>!-4!(,)!.,1*1.()*3+(3.+!
-'!93-9)+!149!(*14+3+(-*+!34!(,)!.3*.83(G!(,)!
+3>41A!B1<!)K.))9!3(+!4-*B1A!.A3==34>!=-34(!
C)'-*)!+)((A34>G!@,3.,!3+!/4-@4!1+!-D)*+,--(?!