Sound travels approximately 340 m/s. It takes 3 ms
to travel 1 meter.
Industry standard SPL for cinema mixing work is
85 dB at the listening position.
Common denitions of Frequency spectra:
Ideally the sound volume drops by
6 dB when the distance doubles.
20 21Fundamentals Monitor setup guide
Fundamentals.
Basics of sound
Sound volume increases 3 dB
when the power doubles.
Useful low frequency spectrum extension
5004003002001009080706050403020
Large Pipe Organ 16 Hz
5 strings Electric bass 31 Hz
Guitar 80 Hz
Male fundamental
Tuba (horn) 45 Hz
Double bass 40 Hz
Concert grand piano 29 Hz
frequency 120 Hz
Female fundamental
frequency 230 Hz
1 m 100 dB 0 dB
2 m 94 dB -6 dB
4 m 88 dB -12 dB
100 W 85 dB 0 dB
200 W 88 dB +3 dB
400 W 91 dB +6 dB
Subsonic frequencies 1 Hz - 20 Hz Not audible to
humans.
Very low frequencies 20 Hz - 40 Hz Lowest audible
octave to humans.
Low frequencies 40 Hz - 160 Hz Music low
frequencies, here are
the kick drum, bass
and low register of
grand piano.
Middle low
frequencies
160 Hz – 400 Hz Middle C of piano is
here.
Middle frequencies 400 Hz - 2.5 kHz Low-order harmonics
of most instruments.
Middle high
frequencies
2.5 kHz - 5 kHz Ear most sensitive to
this range. Presence,
voice frequencies are
here.
High frequencies 5 kHz - 10 kHz Brightness and
harmonics are here.
Very high frequencies 10 kHz - 20 kHz Highest harmonics
are here.