4.9 Typical Waveforms
Open end (series faults)
The reflection is a positive (upward going) pulse.
No reflected pulse from the far end.
Short circuit (shunt fault)
The reflection is a negative (downward going) pulse. No reflected pulse
from the far end.
Capacitance network
The reflection is negative (downward going pulse).
Joints (splices)
The joints produce ‘S’ shaped reflections.
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