nervous system. Observations in humans include: Nystagmus (involuntary eye
movement). In animals, effects have been reported on the following organs: Kidney,
liver. Based on animal studies, ingestion of very large amounts of ethylene glycol appears
to be the major and possibly only route of exposure to produce birth defects. Exposures
by inhalation or skin contact, the primary routes of occupational exposure, had minimal
effect on the fetus, in animal studies. Ingestion of large amounts of ethylene glycol has
been shown to interfere with reproduction in animals.
Summary of Chronic Health Hazards: Chronic symptoms and signs include: anorexia,
oliguria, nystagmus, lymphocytosis, and loss of consciousness. Inhalation seems to
primarily result in central nervous system depression and hematopoietic dysfunction,
whereas, ingestion may result in depression followed by respiratory and cardiac failure,
renal and brain damage.
Note to Physicians: If several ounces of Ethylene Glycol have been ingested, early
administration of ethanol may counter the toxic effects (metabolic acidosis, renal
damage). Consider hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis & thiamine 100 mg plus
pyroxidine 50 mg IV every 6 hr.
If ethanol is used, a therapeutically effective blood concentration in the range of 100 –
150 mg/dl may be achieved by a rapid loading dose followed by a continuous intravenous
infusion. Consult standard literature for details of treatment.
4-Methyl pyrazole (Antizol.) is an effective blocker of alcohol dehydrogenase and should
be used in the treatment of ethylene glycol, di- or triethylene glycol, ethylene glycol butyl
ether, or methanol intoxication if available.
Fomepizole protocol (Brent, J. et al., New England Journal of Medicine, Feb. 8, 2001,
344:6, p. 424-9): loading dose 15 mg/kg IV, follow by bolus dose to 15 mg/kg every 12
hours.
Continue formepizole until serum methanol, EG, DEG, or TEG are undetectable. The
signs and symptoms of poisoning include anion gap metabolic acidosis, CNS depression,
renal tubular injury, and possible late stage cranial nerve involvement.
Respiratoty symptoms, including pulmonary edema, may be delayed. Persons receiving
significant exposure should be observed 24-48 hours for signs of respiratory distress.
In severe poisoning, respiratory support with mechanical ventilation and positive end
expiratory pressure may be required.
If lavage is performed, suggest endotracheal and/or esophageal control. Danger from lung
aspiration must be weighed against toxicity when considering emptying the stomach.
Section IV - First Aid Measures
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting Give two glasses of water to a fully conscious person.
GET MEDICAL ATTENTION.
Inhalation: Remove victim to fresh air immediately. If effects occur, GET MEDICAL
ATTENTION.
Skin: Remove contaminated clothing and shoes, and wash skin with plenty of soap and
water. Launder clothing before reuse.
Eyes: Hold eyelids open and flush with plenty of water, for 15 minutes. If irritation
persists, GET MEDICAL ATTENTION.
Section V - Fire Fighting Measures
Product Name: Ethylene Glycol
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