(optional). The sensor has a temperature-dependent resistance, the
temperature coefficient of the resistor is negative, and the high-sensitivity
NTC (negative temperature coefficient thermistor) resistance increases
with temperature. It is a part of voltage divider circuit powered by 5V
support. The voltage connected to the resistor is read by an
analog-to-digital converter, which is a measure of temperature. There is a
characteristic curve in the microprocessor of the ECU that gives the
corresponding temperature for any voltage.
（4）Air flow sensor
In order to achieve the statutory emission limits, especially in the
case of dynamic engine operation, the air-fuel ratio must be maintained.
For this purpose, sensors that accurately determine the actual intake air
mass flow are used. Changes in intake pulsation, back-flow, exhaust gas
return and camshaft control, and changes in intake air temperature must
not affect the accuracy of the load cell measurement. To achieve the
above objectives, in a hot film air mass flow meter, heat is extracted
from a heated sensing element by heat transfer to the air mass flow. The
micromechanical measurement system works in conjunction with a
hybrid circuit to measure air mass flow, including flow direction. When
the air mass flow is strongly pulsating, back-flow can be identified. The
micromechanical sensing element is disposed in the plug sensor flow
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