Hanna Instruments HI 904 - Titration Theory

3
TITRATION THEORY
Contents
1 GENERAL REVIEW OF TITRATION THEORY ................................................ 5
1.1 Introduction to Titrations ............................................................................5
1.2 Uses of Titrations .........................................................................................5
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Titrations ............................................. 6
2 TYPES OF TITRATION ..................................................................................7
2.1 Titrations According to The Measurement Method ..................................... 7
2.1.1 Amperometric Titrations .................................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Potentiometric Titrations.................................................................................. 7
2.1.3 Spectrophotometric Titrations .......................................................................... 8
2.2 Titrations According to The Reaction Type ................................................. 9
2.2.1 Karl Fischer Titrations ...................................................................................... 9
2.2.1.1 History of Karl Fischer Titrations ........................................................................... 9
2.2.1.2 Volumetric Karl Fischer Titrations ........................................................................ 10
2.2.1.3 Coulometric Karl Fischer Titrations ...................................................................... 10
2.2.1.3.1 Generator Electrodes with Diaphragm............................................................... 11
2.2.1.3.2 Generator Electrode without Diaphragm............................................................ 11
2.2.1.4 Visual Indication of Karl Fisher Titrations ............................................................. 12
2.2.1.5 Electrometric Indication of Karl Fisher Titrations ................................................... 12
2.2.2 Acid-Base Titrations .......................................................................................13
2.2.3 Argentometric Titrations .................................................................................14
2.2.4 Complexometric Titrations ..............................................................................15
2.2.5 Ion Selective Titrations ...................................................................................15
2.2.6 Non-aqueous Solvent Acid-Base Titrations .......................................................15
2.2.7 Precipitation Titrations ....................................................................................16
2.2.8 Redox Titrations.............................................................................................16
2.3 Titrations According to The Titration Sequence ....................................... 17
2.3.1 Back Titrations ...............................................................................................17
2.3.2 Multiple End Point Titrations ...........................................................................17
3 INTRODUCTION TO TITRATION APPARATUS AND TYPICAL TITRATION PROCEDURE .... 19
3.1 Manual Titration ........................................................................................ 19
3.2 Automatic Titration ...................................................................................20
4 TITRATION RESULTS .................................................................................21
4.1 Accuracy .....................................................................................................21
4.2 Repeatability ..............................................................................................21
4.3 Sources of Error .......................................................................................... 21
4.3.1 Sampling Errors .............................................................................................21
4.3.2 Errors with Titrant and Standard .....................................................................21
4.3.2.1 Preparation Errors ............................................................................................. 21