GE P4A - Broken Conductor Protection

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CHAPTER 9

CURRENT PROTECTION FUNCTIONS

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Default Chapter3
- Table of Contents3
Chapter 1 Introduction27
- Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part28
- Rear Serial Port28
Chapter Overview29
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme29
- Cip29
Foreword30
- Target Audience30
- Typographical Conventions30
- Cip30
- Nomenclature31
- Compliance31
- Cip31
Product Scope32
- Ordering Options32
- Cip32
Features and Functions33
- Current Differential Protection Functions33
- Protection Functions33
- Control Functions33
- Measurement Functions34
- Communication Functions34
Logic Diagrams35
- Figure 1: Key to Logic Diagrams36
Functional Overview37
- Figure 2: Functional Overview37
Chapter 2 Safety Information39
Chapter Overview41
Health and Safety42
Symbols43
Installation, Commissioning and Servicing44
- Lifting Hazards44
- Electrical Hazards44
- UL/CSA/CUL Requirements45
- Fusing Requirements45
- Equipment Connections46
- Protection Class 1 Equipment Requirements46
- Pre-Energisation Checklist47
- Peripheral Circuitry47
- Upgrading/Servicing48
Decommissioning and Disposal49
Regulatory Compliance50
- EMC Compliance: 2014/30/EU50
- LVD Compliance: 2014/35/EU50
- R&TTE Compliance: 2014/53/EU50
- UL/CUL Compliance50
- ATEX Compliance: 2014/34/EU50
Chapter 3 Hardware Design53
Chapter Overview55
Hardware Architecture56
- Coprocessor Hardware Architecture56
- Figure 3: Hardware Architecture56
- Figure 4: Coprocessor Hardware Architecture57
Mechanical Implementation58
- Housing Variants58
- Figure 5: Exploded View of IED58
- List of Boards59
Front Panel61
- Front Panel Compartments61
- Figure 6: Front Panel (60TE)61
- Keypad62
- Front Serial Port (SK1)62
- Front Parallel Port (SK2)63
- Fixed Function Leds63
- Function Keys63
- Programable Leds64
Rear Panel65
- Figure 7: Rear View of Populated Case65
- Figure 8: Terminal Block Types66
Boards and Modules67
- Pcbs67
- Subassemblies67
- Figure 9: Rear Connection to Terminal Block67
- Main Processor Board68
- Figure 10: Main Processor Board68
- Power Supply Board69
- Figure 11: Power Supply Board69
- Figure 12: Power Supply Assembly70
- Watchdog71
- Figure 13: Power Supply Terminals71
- Rear Serial Port72
- Figure 14: Watchdog Contact Terminals72
- Input Module - 1 Transformer Board73
- Figure 15: Rear Serial Port Terminals73
- Figure 16: Input Module - 1 Transformer Board73
- Input Module Circuit Description74
- Figure 17: Input Module Schematic74
- Transformer Board75
- Figure 18: Transformer Board75
- Input Board76
- Figure 19: Input Board76
- Standard Output Relay Board77
- Figure 20: Standard Output Relay Board - 8 Contacts77
- IRIG-B Board78
- Figure 21: IRIG-B Board78
- Fibre Optic Board79
- Figure 22: Fibre Optic Board79
- Rear Communication Board80
- Ethernet Board80
- Figure 23: Rear Communication Board80
- Figure 24: Ethernet Board80
- Redundant Ethernet Board82
- Figure 25: Redundant Ethernet Board82
- Coprocessor Board84
- Current Differential Inputs84
- Coprocessor Board with 1PPS Input84
- Figure 26: Fully Populated Coprocessor Board84
Chapter 4 Software Design87
Chapter Overview89
Sofware Design Overview90
- Figure 27: Software Architecture90
System Level Software91
- Real Time Operating System91
- System Services Software91
- Self-Diagnostic Software91
- Startup Self-Testing91
- System Boot91
- System Level Software Initialisation92
- Platform Software Initialisation and Monitoring92
- Continuous Self-Testing92
Platform Software94
- Record Logging94
- Settings Database94
- Interfaces94
Protection and Control Functions95
- Acquisition of Samples95
- Frequency Tracking95
- Direct Use of Sample Values95
- System Level Software Initialisation95
- Fourier Signal Processing96
- Programmable Scheme Logic97
- Event Recording97
- Figure 28: Frequency Response (Indicative Only)97
- Disturbance Recorder98
- Fault Locator98
- Function Key Interface98
Chapter 5 Configuration99
Chapter Overview101
Settings Application Software102
Using the HMI Panel103
- Navigating the HMI Panel104
- Getting Started104
- Figure 29: Navigating the HMI104
- Default Display105
- Default Display Navigation106
- Figure 30: Default Display Navigation106
- Password Entry107
- Processing Alarms and Records107
- Menu Structure108
- Changing the Settings109
- Direct Access (the Hotkey Menu)110
- Setting Group Selection Using Hotkeys110
- Control Inputs110
- Circuit Breaker Control111
- Function Keys111
Line Parameters113
- Tripping Mode113
- CB Trip Conversion Logic Diagram113
- Figure 31: Circuit Breaker Trip Conversion Logic Diagram (Module 63)113
- Residual Compensation114
- Mutual Compensation114
Date and Time Configuration116
- Using an SNTP Signal116
- Using an IRIG-B Signal116
- Using an IEEE 1588 PTP Signal116
- Without a Timing Source Signal117
- Time Zone Compensation117
- Daylight Saving Time Compensation118
Settings Group Selection119
Chapter 6 Current Differential Protection121
Chapter Overview123
Current Differential Protection Principle124
- Numerical Current Differential Protection124
- Multi-Ended Line Differential Protection125
- Basic Principles and Algorithm Design for Multi-Ended Differential Protection125
- Fault Discrimination125
- Differential Characteristics126
- Figure 32: Sample Multi-Ended System126
- Figure 33: Current Differential Discriminative Criterion127
- Basic Algorithm128
- Features of Multi-Ended Line Differential128
- Algorithm Overview128
- Communication Requirements129
- Figure 34: Overall Scheme Designed for Multi-Ended Differential Protection129
Charging Current Compensation130
- Figure 35: Two-Ended Transmission Line130
Synchronisation of Current Signals132
- Time Alignment Using Ping-Pong Technique132
- Figure 36: Ping-Pong Measurement for Alignment of Current Signals132
- Remote Terminal Time Alignment133
- Time Delay Interpolation134
- Figure 37: Snapshot of Available Data for Processing at each Terminal134
CT Saturation135
- Figure 38: CT Saturation Technique135
- Figure 39: Original Current Waveforms136
- Figure 40: Ipos and Ineg Current Waveforms137
- Figure 41: Internal External Fault Binary137
CT Compensation138
- Figure 42: CT Compensation138
Current Differential Intertripping139
- Figure 43: Permissive Intertripping Example139
Stub Bus Differential Protection140
- Figure 44: Stub Bus Protection140
Application Notes141
- Multi-End Current Differential Protection141
- Figure 45: Six Terminal, Four Junction Topology and Ring Structure141
- Figure 46: Six Terminal Ring Structure with Channel Allocation141
- Feeder Topology142
- Configuring the Feeder Topology142
- Figure 47: Six Terminal, Four Junction Topology142
- Line Parameter Data143
- Configuring the Protection Communications144
- Setting up the Phase Differential Characteristic145
- Sensitivity under Heavy Loads145
- Permissive Intertripping147
- CT Ratio Correction Setting Guidelines147
- Feeders with Small Tapped Loads148
Chapter 7 Autoreclose149
Chapter Overview151
Introduction to Autoreclose152
Autoreclose Implementation153
- Autoreclose Logic Inputs from External Sources154
- Circuit Breaker Healthy Input154
- Inhibit Autoreclose Input154
- Block Autoreclose Input154
- Reset Lockout Input155
- Pole Discrepancy Input155
- External Trip Indication155
- Autoreclose Logic Inputs155
- Trip Initiation Signals155
- Circuit Breaker Status Inputs155
- System Check Signals155
- Autoreclose Logic Outputs155
- Autoreclose Operating Sequence156
- AR Timing Sequence - Transient Fault156
- AR Timing Sequence - Evolving/Permanent Fault156
- Figure 48: Autoreclose Sequence for a Transient Fault156
- AR Timing Sequence - Evolving/Permanent Fault Single-Phase157
- Figure 49: Autoreclose Sequence for an Evolving or Permanent Fault157
- Figure 50: Autoreclose Sequence for an Evolving or Permanent Fault - Single-Phase Operation157
Autoreclose System Map158
- Figure 51: Key to Logic Diagrams159
- Autoreclose System Map Diagrams160
- Figure 52: Autoreclose System Map - Part 1160
- Figure 53: Autoreclose System Map - Part 2161
- Figure 54: Autoreclose System Map - Part 3162
- Figure 55: Autoreclose System Map - Part 4163
- Figure 56: Autoreclose System Map - Part 5164
- Autoreclose Internal Signals165
- Autoreclose DDB Signals167
Logic Modules173
- Circuit Breaker Status Monitor173
- CB State Monitor Logic Diagram174
- Figure 57: CB State Monitor Logic Diagram (Module 1)174
- Circuit Breaker Open Logic175
- Circuit Breaker Open Logic Diagram175
- Circuit Breaker in Service Logic175
- Circuit Breaker in Service Logic Diagram175
- Figure 58: Circuit Breaker Open Logic Diagram (Module 3)175
- Figure 59: CB in Service Logic Diagram (Module 4)175
- Autoreclose OK Logic Diagram176
- Autoreclose Enable176
- Autoreclose Enable Logic Diagram176
- Autoreclose Modes176
- Figure 60: Autoreclose OK Logic Diagram (Module 8)176
- Figure 61: Autoreclose Enable Logic Diagram (Module 5)176
- Single-Phase and Three-Phase Autoreclose177
- Autoreclose Modes Enable Logic Diagram178
- AR Force Three-Phase Trip Logic178
- AR Force Three-Phase Trip Logic Diagram178
- Autoreclose Initiation Logic178
- Figure 62: Autoreclose Modes Enable Logic Diagram (Module 9)178
- Figure 63: Force Three-Phase Trip Logic Diagram (Module 10)178
- Autoreclose Initiation Logic Diagram180
- Autoreclose Trip Test Logic Diagram180
- Figure 64: Autoreclose Initiation Logic Diagram (Module 11)180
- Figure 65: Autoreclose Trip Test Logic Diagram (Module 12)180
- AR External Trip Initiation Logic Diagram181
- Figure 66: Autoreclose Initiation by External Trip or Evolving Conditions (Module 13)181
- Protection Reoperation and Evolving Fault Logic Diagram182
- Fault Memory Logic Diagram182
- Autoreclose in Progress182
- Figure 67: Protection Reoperation and Evolving Fault Logic Diagram (Module 20)182
- Figure 68: Fault Memory Logic Diagram (Module 15)182
- Autoreclose in Progress Logic Diagram183
- Sequence Counter183
- Figure 69: Autoreclose in Progress Logic Diagram (Module 16)183
- Autoreclose Sequence Counter Logic Diagram184
- Autoreclose Cycle Selection184
- Single-Phase Autoreclose Cycle Selection Logic Diagram184
- Figure 70: Autoreclose Sequence Counter Logic Diagram (Module 18)184
- Figure 71: Single-Phase Autoreclose Cycle Selection Logic Diagram (Module 19)184
- 3-Phase Autoreclose Cycle Selection185
- Dead Time Control185
- Figure 72: Three-Phase Autoreclose Cycle Selection Logic Diagram (Module 21)185
- Dead Time Start Enable Logic Diagram186
- Figure 73: Dead Time Start Enable Logic Diagram (Module 22)186
- 1-Phase Dead Time Logic Diagram187
- Figure 74: Single-Phase Dead Time Logic Diagram (Module 24)187
- 3-Phase Dead Time Logic Diagram188
- Circuit Breaker Autoclose188
- Figure 75: Three-Phase Dead Time Logic Diagram (Module 25)188
- Circuit Breaker Autoclose Logic Diagram189
- Reclaim Time189
- Figure 76: Circuit Breaker Autoclose Logic Diagram (Module 32)189
- Prepare Reclaim Initiation Logic Diagram190
- Reclaim Time Logic Diagram190
- Figure 77: Prepare Reclaim Initiation Logic Diagram (Module 34)190
- Figure 78: Reclaim Time Logic Diagram (Module 35)190
- Succesful Autoreclose Signals Logic Diagram191
- Autoreclose Reset Successful Indication Logic Diagram191
- CB Healthy and System Check Timers191
- Figure 79: Successful Autoreclose Signals Logic Diagram (Module 36)191
- Figure 80: Autoreclose Reset Successful Indication Logic Diagram (Module 37)191
- CB Healthy and System Check Timers Logic Diagram192
- Autoreclose Shot Counters192
- Figure 81: Circuit Breaker Healthy and System Check Timers Healthy Logic Diagram (Module 39)192
- Autoreclose Shot Counters Logic Diagram193
- Figure 82: Autoreclose Shot Counters Logic Diagram (Module 41)193
- Circuit Breaker Control194
- CB Control Logic Diagram194
- Figure 83: CB Control Logic Diagram (Module 43)194
- Circuit Breaker Trip Time Monitoring195
- CB Trip Time Monitoring Logic Diagram195
- Autoreclose Lockout195
- Figure 84: Circuit Breaker Trip Time Monitoring Logic Diagram (Module 53)195
- CB Lockout Logic Diagram196
- Figure 85: AR Lockout Logic Diagram (Module 55)196
- Reset Circuit Breaker Lockout197
- Reset CB Lockout Logic Diagram197
- Figure 86: Reset Circuit Breaker Lockout Logic Diagram (Module 57)197
- Pole Discrepancy198
- Pole Discrepancy Logic Diagram198
- Circuit Breaker Trip Conversion198
- Figure 87: Pole Discrepancy Logic Diagram (Module 62)198
- CB Trip Conversion Logic Diagram199
- Monitor Checks for CB Closure199
- Figure 88: Circuit Breaker Trip Conversion Logic Diagram (Module 63)199
- Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB Closure200
- Figure 89: Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB Closure (Module 60)200
- Voltage Monitor for CB Closure201
- Synchronisation Checks for CB Closure201
- Figure 90: Voltage Monitor for CB Closure (Module 59)201
- Three-Phase Autoreclose System Check Logic Diagram203
- Figure 91: Three-Phase Autoreclose System Check Logic Diagram (Module 45)203
- CB Manual Close System Check Logic Diagram204
- Figure 92: CB Manual Close System Check Logic Diagram (Module 51)204
Setting Guidelines205
- De-Ionising Time Guidance205
- Dead Timer Setting Guidelines205
- Example Dead Time Calculation205
- Reclaim Time Setting Guidelines206
Chapter 8 CB Fail Protection207
Chapter Overview209
Circuit Breaker Fail Protection210
Circuit Breaker Fail Implementation211
- Circuit Breaker Fail Timers211
- Zero Crossing Detection211
Circuit Breaker Fail Logic213
- Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part213
- Figure 96: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part213
- Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part214
- Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part 3215
- Figure 93: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part216
- Figure 94: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part216
- Figure 95: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part216
Application Notes217
- Reset Mechanisms for CB Fail Timers217
- Setting Guidelines (CB Fail Timer)217
- Setting Guidelines (Undercurrent)218
- Figure 97: CB Fail Timing218
Chapter 9 Current Protection Functions219
Chapter Overview221
Phase Fault Overcurrent Protection222
- POC Implementation222
- Directional Element222
- POC Logic224
- Figure 98: Phase Overcurrent Protection Logic Diagram224
Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection225
- Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection Implementation225
- Directional Element225
- NPSOC Logic226
- Application Notes226
- Setting Guidelines (Current Threshold)226
- Setting Guidelines (Time Delay)226
- Figure 99: Negative Phase Sequence Overcurrent Protection Logic Diagram226
- Setting Guidelines (Directional Element)227
Earth Fault Protection228
- Earth Fault Protection Implementation228
- IDG Curve228
- Directional Element229
- Residual Voltage Polarisation229
- Figure 100: IDG Characteristic229
- Negative Sequence Polarisation230
- Earth Fault Protection Logic231
- Application Notes231
- Residual Voltage Polarisation Setting Guidelines231
- Setting Guidelines (Directional Element)231
- Figure 101: Earth Fault Protection Logic Diagram231
Sensitive Earth Fault Protection233
- SEF Protection Implementation233
- EPATR B Curve233
- Sensitive Earth Fault Protection Logic234
- Figure 102: EPATR B Characteristic Shown for TMS = 1.0234
- Figure 103: Sensitive Earth Fault Protection Logic Diagram234
- Application Notes235
- Insulated Systems235
- Figure 104: Current Distribution in an Insulated System with C Phase Fault235
- Setting Guidelines (Insulated Systems)236
- Figure 105: Phasor Diagrams for Insulated System with C Phase Fault236
- Figure 106: Positioning of Core Balance Current Transformers237
High Impedance REF238
- High Impedance REF Principle238
- Figure 107: High Impedance REF Principle238
- Figure 108: High Impedance REF Connection239
Thermal Overload Protection240
- Single Time Constant Characteristic240
- Dual Time Constant Characteristic240
- Thermal Overload Protection Implementation241
- Thermal Overload Protection Logic241
- Application Notes241
- Setting Guidelines for Dual Time Constant Characteristic241
- Figure 109: Thermal Overload Protection Logic Diagram241
- Figure 110: Spreadsheet Calculation for Dual Time Constant Thermal Characteristic242
- Figure 111: Dual Time Constant Thermal Characteristic242
- Setting Guidelines for Single Time Constant Characteristic243
Broken Conductor Protection245
- Broken Conductor Protection Implementation245
- Broken Conductor Protection Logic245
- Application Notes245
- Setting Guidelines245
- Figure 112: Broken Conductor Logic245
Chapter 10 Voltage Protection Functions247
Chapter Overview249
Undervoltage Protection250
- Undervoltage Protection Implementation250
- Undervoltage Protection Logic251
- Figure 113: Undervoltage - Single and Three Phase Tripping Mode (Single Stage)251
- Application Notes252
- Undervoltage Setting Guidelines252
Overvoltage Protection253
- Overvoltage Protection Implementation253
- Overvoltage Protection Logic254
- Figure 114: Overvoltage - Single and Three Phase Tripping Mode (Single Stage)254
- Application Notes255
- Overvoltage Setting Guidelines255
Compensated Overvoltage256
Residual Overvoltage Protection257
- Residual Overvoltage Protection Implementation257
- Residual Overvoltage Logic258
- Application Notes258
- Calculation for Solidly Earthed Systems258
- Figure 115: Residual Overvoltage Logic258
- Calculation for Impedance Earthed Systems259
- Figure 116: Residual Voltage for a Solidly Earthed System259
- Setting Guidelines260
- Figure 117: Residual Voltage for an Impedance Earthed System260
Chapter 11 Frequency Protection Functions261
Chapter Overview263
Frequency Protection264
- Underfrequency Protection264
- Underfrequency Protection Implementation264
- Underfrequency Protection Logic265
- Application Notes265
- Overfrequency Protection265
- Overfrequency Protection Implementation265
- Figure 118: Underfrequency Logic (Single Stage)265
- Overfrequency Protection Logic266
- Application Notes266
- Figure 119: Overfrequency Logic (Single Stage)266
Independent R.O.C.O.F Protection267
- Indepenent R.O.C.O.F Protection Implementation267
- Independent R.O.C.O.F Protection Logic267
- Figure 120: Rate of Change of Frequency Logic (Single Stage)267
Chapter 12 Monitoring and Control269
Chapter Overview271
Event Records272
- Event Types272
- Opto-Input Events273
- Contact Events273
- Alarm Events273
- Fault Record Events274
- Maintenance Events274
- Protection Events274
- Figure 121: Fault Recorder Stop Conditions274
- Security Events275
- Platform Events275
Disturbance Recorder276
Measurements277
- Measured Quantities277
- Measurement Setup277
- Fault Locator277
- Opto-Input Time Stamping277
CB Condition Monitoring278
- Broken Current Accumulator279
- CB Trip Counter279
- Figure 122: Broken Current Accumulator Logic Diagram279
- Figure 123: CB Trip Counter Logic Diagram279
- CB Operating Time Accumulator280
- Excessive Fault Frequency Counter280
- Figure 124: Operating Time Accumulator280
- Figure 125: Excessive Fault Frequency Logic Diagram280
- Reset Lockout Alarm281
- Figure 126: Reset Lockout Alarm Logic Diagram281
- CB Condition Monitoring Logic282
- Reset Circuit Breaker Lockout282
- Figure 127: CB Condition Monitoring Logic Diagram282
- Reset CB Lockout Logic Diagram283
- Application Notes283
- Setting the Thresholds for the Total Broken Current283
- Figure 128: Reset Circuit Breaker Lockout Logic Diagram (Module 57)283
- Setting the Thresholds for the Number of Operations284
- Setting the Thresholds for the Operating Time284
- Setting the Thresholds for Excesssive Fault Frequency284
CB State Monitoring285
- CB State Monitor Logic Diagram286
- Figure 129: CB State Monitor Logic Diagram (Module 1)286
Circuit Breaker Control287
- CB Control Using the IED Menu287
- CB Control Using the Hotkeys288
- CB Control Using the Function Keys288
- Figure 130: Hotkey Menu Navigation288
- CB Control Using the Opto-Inputs289
- Remote CB Control289
- Figure 131: Default Function Key PSL289
- CB Healthy Check290
- Synchronisation Check290
- CB Control AR Implications290
- Figure 132: Remote Control of Circuit Breaker290
- CB Control Logic Diagram291
- Figure 133: CB Control Logic Diagram (Module 43)291
Pole Dead Function292
- Pole Dead Logic292
- Figure 134: Pole Dead Logic292
System Checks293
- System Checks Implementation293
- VT Connections293
- Voltage Monitoring294
- Check Synchronisation294
- Check Syncronisation Vector Diagram294
- Figure 135: Check Synchronisation Vector Diagram295
- Voltage Monitor for CB Closure296
  - Figure 136: Voltage Monitor for CB Closure (Module 59)296
  - System Checks296
- Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB Closure297
- Figure 137: Check Synchronisation Monitor for CB Closure (Module 60)297
- System Check PSL298
- Application Notes298
- Predictive Closure of Circuit Breaker298
- Voltage and Phase Angle Correction298
- Figure 138: System Check PSL298
Chapter 13 Supervision301
Chapter Overview303
Current Differential Supervision304
- Current Differential Starter Supervision304
- Current Differential Starter Supervision Logic306
- Figure 139: Current Differential Starter Supervision Logic306
- Current Differential Start Logic307
- Switched Communication Path Supervision307
- Figure 140: Current Differential Function Start Logic307
- Communications Asymmetry Supervision308
- Figure 141: Switched Communication Path Supervision308
- Figure 142: Communication Asymmetry Supervision309
Voltage Transformer Supervision310
- Loss of One or Two Phase Voltages310
- Loss of All Three Phase Voltages310
- Absence of All Three Phase Voltages on Line Energisation310
- VTS Implementation311
- VTS Logic313
- Figure 143: VTS Logic314
Current Transformer Supervision315
- Differential CTS315
- Differential CTS Logic316
- CTS Implementation316
- Figure 144: Differential CTS316
- Standard CTS Logic317
- CTS Blocking317
- Application Notes317
- Setting Guidelines317
- Figure 145: Standard CTS317
- Differential CTS Setting Guidelines318
Trip Circuit Supervision319
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme319
- Resistor Values319
- Psl for Tcs Scheme 1320
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme 2320
- Figure 146: TCS Scheme321
- Figure 147: PSL for TCS Scheme321
- Figure 148: TCS Scheme321
- Figure 149: PSL for TCS Scheme 2321
- Figure 150: TCS Scheme 3322
- Figure 151: PSL for TCS Scheme 3322
Chapter 14 Digital I/O and PSL Configuration323
Chapter Overview325
Configuring Digital Inputs and Outputs326
Scheme Logic327
- Figure 152: Scheme Logic Interfaces327
- PSL Editor328
- PSL Schemes328
- PSL Scheme Version Control328
Configuring the Opto-Inputs329
Assigning the Output Relays330
Fixed Function Leds331
- Trip LED Logic331
- Figure 153: Trip LED Logic331
Configuring Programmable Leds332
Function Keys334
Control Inputs335
Chapter 15 Fibre Teleprotection337
Chapter Overview339
Fibre Teleprotection Implementation340
- Communication Setup340
- Protection Communications Channel341
- Protection Comms Message Slot Allocation for each Protection Scheme341
- Figure 154: Fibre Teleprotection Connections for a Six-Terminal Scheme341
- Figure 155: Two Terminal Single Channel Scheme341
- Figure 156: Two Terminal Dual Channel Scheme342
- Figure 157: Three Terminal Scheme342
- Figure 158: Four Terminal Scheme343
- Figure 159: Five Terminal Scheme344
- Error Handling for Protection Communications345
- Figure 160: Six Terminal Scheme345
- Fibre Teleprotection Scheme Terminal Addressing346
- Physical Connection346
- Direct Connection347
- Indirect Connection347
Communications Supervision348
IM64 Logic349
- Figure 161: IM64 Channel Fail and Scheme Fail Logic349
- Figure 162: IM64 General Alarm Signals Logic349
- Figure 163: IM64 Communications Mode and IEEE C37.94 Alarm Signals350
Application Notes351
- Scheme Reconfiguration351
- Alarm Management351
- Alarm Logic351
- Two-Ended Scheme Extended Supervision352
- Three-Ended Scheme Extended Supervision353
- Figure 164: IM64 Two-Terminal Scheme Extended Supervision353
- Figure 165: IM64 Three-Terminal Scheme Extended Supervision353
Chapter 16 Electrical Teleprotection355
Chapter Overview357
Introduction358
Teleprotection Scheme Principles359
- Direct Tripping359
- Permissive Tripping359
Implementation360
Configuration361
- Figure 166: Example Assignment of Intermicom Signals Within the PSL362
Connecting to Electrical Intermicom363
- Short Distance363
- Long Distance363
- Figure 167: Direct Connection363
- Figure 168: Indirect Connection Using Modems363
Application Notes364
Chapter 17 Communications367
Chapter Overview369
Communication Interfaces370
Serial Communication371
- EIA(RS)232 Bus371
- EIA(RS)485 Bus371
- EIA(RS)485 Biasing Requirements372
- K-Bus372
- Figure 169: RS485 Biasing Circuit372
- Figure 170: Remote Communication Using K-Bus373
Standard Ethernet Communication374
- Hot-Standby Ethernet Failover374
Redundant Ethernet Communication375
- Supported Protocols375
- Parallel Redundancy Protocol376
- Figure 171: IED Attached to Separate Lans376
- High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR)377
- HSR Multicast Topology377
- Figure 172: HSR Multicast Topology377
- HSR Unicast Topology378
- HSR Application in the Substation378
- Figure 173: HSR Unicast Topology378
- Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol379
- Figure 174: HSR Application in the Substation379
- Figure 175: IED Attached to Redundant Ethernet Star or Ring Circuit379
- Self Healing Protocol380
- Figure 176: IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switch with Self Healing Ring Facilities380
- Figure 177: Redundant Ethernet Ring Architecture with IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switches380
- Dual Homing Protocol381
- Figure 178: Redundant Ethernet Ring Architecture with IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switches381
- Figure 179: Dual Homing Mechanism382
- Configuring IP Addresses383
- Figure 180: Application of Dual Homing Star at Substation Level383
- Configuring the IED IP Address384
- Configuring the REB IP Address384
- Figure 181: IED and REB IP Address Configuration384
- PRP/HSR Configurator387
- Connecting the IED to a PC387
- Installing the Configurator388
- Starting the Configurator388
- Figure 182: Connection Using (A) an Ethernet Switch and (B) a Media Converter388
- PRP/HSR Device Identification389
- Selecting the Device Mode389
- PRP/HSR IP Address Configuration389
- SNTP IP Address Configuration389
- Check for Connected Equipment389
- PRP Configuration389
- HSR Configuration390
- Filtering Database390
- End of Session391
- RSTP Configurator391
- Connecting the IED to a PC391
- Installing the Configurator392
- Starting the Configurator392
- RSTP Device Identification392
- Figure 183: Connection Using (A) an Ethernet Switch and (B) a Media Converter392
- RSTP IP Address Configuration393
- SNTP IP Address Configuration393
- Check for Connected Equipment393
- RSTP Configuration393
- End of Session394
- Switch Manager394
- Installation395
- Setup396
- Network Setup396
- Bandwidth Used396
- Reset Counters396
- Check for Connected Equipment396
- Mirroring Function397
- Ports On/Off397
- Vlan397
- End of Session397
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)398
- SNMP Management Information Bases398
- Main Processor MIBS Structure398
- Redundant Ethernet Board MIB Structure399
- Accessing the MIB403
- Main Processor SNMP Configuration403
Data Protocols405
- Courier405
- Physical Connection and Link Layer405
- Courier Database406
- Settings Categories406
- Setting Changes406
- Event Extraction406
- Disturbance Record Extraction408
- Programmable Scheme Logic Settings408
- Time Synchronisation408
- Courier Configuration409
- Physical Connection and Link Layer410
- Iec 60870-5-103410
- Initialisation411
- Time Synchronisation411
- Spontaneous Events411
- General Interrogation (GI)411
- Cyclic Measurements411
- Commands411
- Test Mode412
- Disturbance Records412
- Command/Monitor Blocking412
- IEC 60870-5-103 Configuration412
- Dnp413
- Physical Connection and Link Layer414
- Object 1 Binary Inputs414
- Object 10 Binary Outputs414
- Object 20 Binary Counters415
- Object 30 Analogue Input415
- Figure 184: Control Input Behaviour415
- Object 40 Analogue Output416
- Object 50 Time Synchronisation416
- DNP3 Device Profile416
- DNP3 Configuration424
- Iec 61850425
- Benefits of IEC 61850426
- IEC 61850 Interoperability426
- The IEC 61850 Data Model426
- IEC 61850 in Micom Ieds427
- Figure 185: Data Model Layers in IEC61850427
- IEC 61850 Data Model Implementation428
- IEC 61850 Communication Services Implementation428
- IEC 61850 Peer-To-Peer (GOOSE) Communications428
- Mapping GOOSE Messages to Virtual Inputs428
- Ethernet Functionality429
- IEC 61850 Configuration429
- Iec 61850 Edition 2430
- Figure 186: Edition 2 System - Backward Compatibility431
- Figure 187: Edition 1 System - Forward Compatibility Issues431
- Figure 188: Example of Standby IED432
- Figure 189: Standby IED Activation Process433
Read Only Mode434
- Courier Protocol Blocking434
- IEC 61850 Protocol Blocking435
- Read-Only Settings435
- Read-Only DDB Signals435
Time Synchronisation436
- Demodulated IRIG-B436
- Figure 190: GPS Satellite Timing Signal436
- IRIG-B Implementation437
- Sntp437
- Loss of SNTP Server Signal Alarm437
- IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol437
- Accuracy and Delay Calculation437
- PTP Domains438
- Time Synchronsiation Using the Communication Protocols438
- Figure 191: Timing Error Using Ring or Line Topology438
Chapter 18 Cyber-Security439
Overview441
The Need for Cyber-Security442
Standards443
- NERC Compliance443
- Cip 002444
- Cip 007445
- Ieee 1686-2007445
Cyber-Security Implementation447
- NERC-Compliant Display447
- Four-Level Access448
- Figure 192: Default Display Navigation448
- Blank Passwords449
- Password Rules449
- Access Level Ddbs450
- Enhanced Password Security450
- Password Strengthening450
- Password Validation450
- Password Blocking451
- Password Recovery452
- Password Encryption453
- Disabling Physical Ports453
- Disabling Logical Ports453
- Security Events Management454
- Logging out456
Chapter 19 Installation457
Chapter Overview459
Handling the Goods460
- Receipt of the Goods460
- Unpacking the Goods460
- Storing the Goods460
- Dismantling the Goods460
Mounting the Device461
- Flush Panel Mounting461
- Figure 193: Location of Battery Isolation Strip461
- Rack Mounting462
- Figure 194: Rack Mounting of Products462
Cables and Connectors464
- Terminal Blocks464
- Figure 195: Terminal Block Types464
- Power Supply Connections465
- Earth Connnection465
- Current Transformers465
- Voltage Transformer Connections466
- Watchdog Connections466
- EIA(RS)485 and K-Bus Connections466
- IRIG-B Connection466
- Opto-Input Connections466
- Output Relay Connections466
- Ethernet Metallic Connections467
- Ethernet Fibre Connections467
- RS232 Connection467
- Download/Monitor Port467
- GPS Fibre Connection467
- Fibre Communication Connections467
Case Dimensions468
- Case Dimensions 40TE468
- Figure 196: 40TE Case Dimensions468
- Case Dimensions 60TE469
- Figure 197: 60TE Case Dimensions469
- Case Dimensions 80TE470
- Figure 198: 80TE Case Dimensions470
Chapter 20 Commissioning Instructions471
Chapter Overview473
General Guidelines474
Commissioning Test Menu475
- Opto I/P Status Cell (Opto-Input Status)475
- Relay O/P Status Cell (Relay Output Status)475
- Test Port Status Cell475
- Monitor Bit 1 to 8 Cells475
- Test Mode Cell476
- Test Pattern Cell476
- Contact Test Cell476
- Test Leds Cell476
- Test Autoreclose Cell476
- Static Test Mode477
- Loopback Mode477
- IM64 Test Pattern478
- IM64 Test Mode478
- Red and Green LED Status Cells478
- Using a Monitor Port Test Box478
Commissioning Equipment479
- Recommended Commissioning Equipment479
- Essential Commissioning Equipment479
- Advisory Test Equipment480
Product Checks481
- Product Checks with the IED De-Energised481
- Visual Inspection482
- Current Transformer Shorting Contacts482
- Insulation482
- External Wiring482
- Watchdog Contacts483
- Power Supply483
- Product Checks with the IED Energised483
- Test LCD484
- Date and Time484
- Test Leds485
- Test Alarm and Out-Of-Service Leds485
- Test Trip LED485
- Test User-Programmable Leds485
- Test Opto-Inputs485
- Test Output Relays485
- Test Serial Communication Port RP1486
- Figure 199: RP1 Physical Connection486
- Test Serial Communication Port RP2487
- Figure 200: Remote Communication Using K-Bus487
- Test Ethernet Communication488
- Secondary Injection Tests488
- Test Current Inputs488
- Test Voltage Inputs488
Electrical Intermicom Communication Loopback490
- Setting up the Loopback490
- Loopback Test490
- Figure 201: Intermicom Loopback Testing490
- Intermicom Command Bits491
- Intermicom Channel Diagnostics491
- Simulating a Channel Failure491
Intermicom 64 Communication492
- Checking the Interface492
- Setting up the Loopback492
- Loopback Test493
Setting Checks494
- Apply Application-Specific Settings494
- Transferring Settings from a Settings File494
- Entering Settings Using the HMI494
IEC 61850 Edition 2 Testing496
- Using IEC 61850 Edition 2 Test Modes496
- IED Test Mode Behaviour496
- Sampled Value Test Mode Behaviour496
- Simulated Input Behaviour497
- Testing Examples497
- Figure 202: Simulated Input Behaviour497
- Test Procedure for Real Values498
- Test Procedure for Simulated Values - no Plant498
- Figure 203: Test Example 1498
- Test Procedure for Simulated Values - with Plant499
- Figure 204: Test Example 2499
- Contact Test500
- Figure 205: Test Example 3500
Current Differential Protection501
- Current Differential Bias Characteristic501
- Lower Slope501
- Figure 206: Current Differential Bias Characteristics501
- Upper Slope502
- Current Differential Operation and Contact Assignment502
Protection Timing Checks504
- Dependency Conditions504
- Overcurrent Check504
- Connecting the Test Circuit504
- Performing the Test505
- Check the Operating Time505
System Check and Check Synchronism506
- Check Synchronism Pass506
- Check Synchronism Fail506
Check Trip and Autoreclose Cycle507
End-To-End Communication Tests508
- Remove Local Loopbacks508
- Restoring Direct Fibre Connections508
- Restoring C37.94 Fibre Connections509
- Remove Remote Loopbacks509
- Verify Communication between Ieds509
Onload Checks510
- Confirm Voltage Connections510
- Confirm Current Connections510
- Measure Capacitive Charging Current511
- Check Differential Current511
- Check Current Transformer Polarity511
- On-Load Directional Test511
Final Checks512
Chapter 21 Maintenance and Troubleshooting513
Chapter Overview515
Maintenance516
- Maintenance Checks516
- Alarms516
- Opto-Isolators516
- Output Relays516
- Measurement Accuracy516
- Replacing the Device517
- Repairing the Device518
- Removing the Front Panel518
- Figure 207: Possible Terminal Block Types518
- Replacing Pcbs519
- Replacing the Main Processor Board519
- Replacement of Communications Boards520
- Figure 208: Front Panel Assembly520
- Replacement of the Input Module521
- Replacement of the Power Supply Board521
- Replacement of the I/O Boards522
- Recalibration522
- Changing the Battery522
- Post Modification Tests523
- Battery Disposal523
- Cleaning523
Troubleshooting524
- Self-Diagnostic Software524
- Power-Up Errors524
- Error Message or Code on Power-Up524
- Out of Service LED on at Power-Up525
- Error Code During Operation526
- Backup Battery526
- Mal-Operation During Testing526
- Failure of Output Contacts526
- Failure of Opto-Inputs526
- Incorrect Analogue Signals527
- Coprocessor Board Failures527
- Signalling Failure Alarm (on Its Own)527
- C Diff Failure Alarm (on Its Own)527
- Signalling Failure and C Diff Failure Alarms Together527
- Incompatible IED527
- Comms Changed527
- IEEE C37.94 Fail528
- PSL Editor Troubleshooting528
- Diagram Reconstruction528
- PSL Version Check528
- Repair and Modification Procedure528
Chapter 22 Technical Specifications531
Chapter Overview533
Interfaces534
- Front Serial Port534
- Download/Monitor Port534
- Rear Serial Port534
- Fibre Rear Serial Port534
- Optional Rear Serial Port (SK5)535
- IRIG-B (Demodulated)535
- IRIG-B (Modulated)535
- Rear Serial Port 2535
- Rear Ethernet Port Copper536
- Rear Ethernet Port Fibre536
- 100 Base Fx Receiver Characteristics536
- 100 Base Fx Transmitter Characteristics537
- PPS Port537
- Fibre Teleprotection Interface537
Protection Functions538
- Phase Current Differential Protection538
- Fibre Teleprotection Transfer Times538
- Autoreclose and Check Synychronism538
- Phase Overcurrent Protection538
- Phase Overcurrent Directional Parameters539
- Earth Fault Protection539
- Earth Fault Directional Parameters539
- Sensitive Earth Fault Protection540
- Sensitive Earth Fault Protection Directional Element540
- High Impedance Restricted Earth Fault Protection540
- Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection541
- NPSOC Directional Parameters541
- Circuit Breaker Fail and Undercurrent Protection541
- Broken Conductor Protection541
- Thermal Overload Protection541
Monitoring, Control and Supervision542
- Voltage Transformer Supervision542
- Standard Current Transformer Supervision542
- Differential Current Transformer Supervision542
- CB State and Condition Monitoring542
- PSL Timers543
Measurements and Recording544
- General544
- Disturbance Records544
- Event, Fault and Maintenance Records544
- Fault Locator544
Ratings545
- AC Measuring Inputs545
- Current Transformer Inputs545
- Voltage Transformer Inputs545
- Auxiliary Supply Voltage545
- Nominal Burden546
- Power Supply Interruption546
- Battery Backup547
Input / Output Connections548
- Isolated Digital Inputs548
- Nominal Pickup and Reset Thresholds548
- Standard Output Contacts548
- High Break Output Contacts549
- Watchdog Contacts549
Mechanical Specifications550
- Physical Parameters550
- Enclosure Protection550
- Mechanical Robustness550
- Transit Packaging Performance550
Type Tests551
- Insulation551
- Creepage Distances and Clearances551
- High Voltage (Dielectric) Withstand551
- Impulse Voltage Withstand Test551
Environmental Conditions552
- Ambient Temperature Range552
- Temperature Endurance Test552
- Ambient Humidity Range552
- Corrosive Environments552
Electromagnetic Compatibility553
- Mhz Burst High Frequency Disturbance Test553
- Damped Oscillatory Test553
- Immunity to Electrostatic Discharge553
- Electrical Fast Transient or Burst Requirements553
- Surge Withstand Capability553
- Surge Immunity Test554
- Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Energy554
- Radiated Immunity from Digital Communications554
- Radiated Immunity from Digital Radio Telephones554
- Immunity to Conducted Disturbances Induced by Radio Frequency Fields554
- Magnetic Field Immunity555
- Conducted Emissions555
- Radiated Emissions555
- Power Frequency555
Regulatory Compliance556
- EMC Compliance: 2014/30/EU556
- LVD Compliance: 2014/35/EU556
- R&TTE Compliance: 2014/53/EU556
- UL/CUL Compliance556
- ATEX Compliance: 2014/34/EU556
Appendix A Ordering Options559
Appendix B Settings and Signals561

GE P4A - Broken Conductor Protection

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