15. Appendices
186 vatech A9 (Model name: PHT-30CSS) User Manual
15.4.3 Setting Exposure Values to the Age Group
For more information about this topic, refer to the Appendices 15.1 Recommended X-
Ray Exposure Table.
15.4.4 The References Pertinent to the Potential Risks for the Pediatric
Patients
1) Literature
I. ESPELID, I. MEJÀRE, K. WEERHEIJM:
EAPD guidelines for the use of radiographs in children, P40-48. European
Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1/2003 Guidelines in dental radiology are designed
to avoid unnecessary exposure to X-radiation and to identify individuals who may
benefit from a radiographic examination. Every prescription of radiographs should
be based on an evaluation of the individual patient's benefit. Due to the relatively
high frequency of caries among 5-year-old children, it is recommended to
consider dental radiography for each child even without any visible caries or
restorations. Furthermore, radiography should be considered at 8-9 years of age
and then at 12-14, which is 1-2 years after the eruption of premolars and second
molars. Additional bitewing controls should be based on an overall assessment of
the caries activity/risk. The high-risk patient should be examined radiographically
annually, while a 2-3 year interval should be considered when caries activity/risk
is low. A routine survey by radiographs, except for caries, has not been shown to
provide enough information to be justified considering the balance between cost
(radiation and resources) and benefit.
MICHAEL L. TAYLOR, B.SC. TOMAS KRON, PH.D., AND RICK D. FRANICH,
PH.D.:
ASSESSMENT OF OUT-OF-FIELD DOSES IN RADIOTHERAPY OF BRAIN
LESIONS IN CHILDREN, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Vol. -, No. -, pp.
1–7, 2010 To characterize the out-of-field doses in pediatric radiotherapy and to
identify simple methods by which out-of-field dose might be minimized, to reduce
the risk of secondary cancers Out-of-field doses to pediatric patients can be
minimized by using simple treatment
C. THEODORAKOU, K. HORNER, K. HOWARD, A. WALKER:
Pediatric organ and effective doses in dental cone beam computed tomography
Dental CBCT has been associated with higher radiation risk to the patients
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