39
Direct and reflected components with resultant bass wave Vector representation
Fig 10.1-4 Fig 10.1-5
The simplified example shows the reflected bass (blue) arriving ⅓ wavelength (120°) later than the
direct bass (red) at the crossover frequency resulting in an overall 60° phase lag (black). The F81 system
would need to be realigned with the bass system by applying a small extra delay to create a matching
phase lag through the crossover region.
F81-to-resultant bass alignment for the simplified example
Fig 10.1-6
11 Limiters
For suggested crossover settings see Section 10.1.
For further crossover advice, go to www.funktion-one.com and click on Settings.
Limiters are usually built into loudspeaker management systems - like the Funktion One XO2, XO4 or
XO4A, for example.
Installation and touring companies prefer to use separate loudspeaker management systems driving a
variety of power amplifiers set to a standard voltage gain. The advantage of this set-up is that the power
amplifiers stay simple and can be swapped or re-patched without reprogramming. Funktion One
loudspeaker management systems also have much higher quality limiters than most power amplifiers.
Funktion One power amplifiers all have clearly defined voltage gains and support the industry standard
32dB gain.
Multiple limiters
Avoid using multiple limiters in the signal path as they will make your system sound confused and
powerless as the various attack, decay and latency times trip over each other.
Use loudspeaker management system limiters in preference to integral power amplifier limiters as a lot of
them can compromise audio quality. However, where a dedicated loudspeaker management system is
unavailable the E Series Amplifier Power Reduction Controls or the F Series optional XO40Q/XO60Q
crossover cards with built-in limiters can be used to provide a degree of safety.
Some power amplifiers are equipped with “clip limiters” that can be too crude and sap power. These old-
style clip limiters are best left switched out unless you are using a significantly over-powered amplifier.
www.funktion-one.com © Funktion One Research Limited 2011
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