GE MiCOM P145 Agile - Chapter 10 Voltage Protection Functions

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CHAPTER 10

VOLTAGE PROTECTION FUNCTIONS

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Default Chapter3
- Table of Contents3
Chapter 1 Introduction27
- Rear Serial Port28
Chapter Overview29
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme29
- Cip29
Foreword30
- Target Audience30
- Typographical Conventions30
- Cip30
- Nomenclature31
- Cip31
Product Scope32
- Ordering Options32
- Cip32
Features and Functions33
- Protection Functions33
- Control Functions34
- Measurement Functions34
- Communication Functions34
Compliance36
Functional Overview37
- Figure 1: Functional Overview37
Chapter 2 Safety Information39
Chapter Overview41
Health and Safety42
Symbols43
Installation, Commissioning and Servicing44
- Lifting Hazards44
- Electrical Hazards44
- UL/CSA/CUL Requirements45
- Fusing Requirements45
- Equipment Connections46
- Protection Class 1 Equipment Requirements46
- Pre-Energisation Checklist47
- Peripheral Circuitry47
- Upgrading/Servicing48
Decommissioning and Disposal49
Regulatory Compliance50
- EMC Compliance: 2014/30/EU50
- LVD Compliance: 2014/35/EU50
- R&TTE Compliance: 2014/53/EU50
- UL/CUL Compliance50
- ATEX Compliance: 2014/34/EU50
Chapter 3 Hardware Design53
Chapter Overview55
Hardware Architecture56
- Figure 2: Hardware Architecture56
Mechanical Implementation57
- Housing Variants57
- Figure 3: Exploded View of IED57
- List of Boards58
Front Panel59
- Front Panel Compartments59
- Figure 4: Front Panel (60TE)59
- HMI Panel60
- Front Serial Port (SK1)60
- Figure 5: HMI Panel60
- Front Parallel Port (SK2)61
- Fixed Function Leds61
- Function Keys61
- Programable Leds62
Rear Panel63
- Figure 6: Rear View of Populated Case63
- Figure 7: Terminal Block Types64
Boards and Modules65
- Pcbs65
- Subassemblies65
- Figure 8: Rear Connection to Terminal Block65
- Main Processor Board66
- Figure 9: Main Processor Board66
- Power Supply Board67
- Figure 10: Power Supply Board67
- Figure 11: Power Supply Assembly68
- Watchdog69
- Figure 12: Power Supply Terminals69
- Rear Serial Port70
- Figure 13: Watchdog Contact Terminals70
- Input Module - 1 Transformer Board71
- Figure 14: Rear Serial Port Terminals71
- Figure 15: Input Module - 1 Transformer Board71
- Input Module Circuit Description72
- Figure 16: Input Module Schematic72
- Transformer Board73
- Figure 17: Transformer Board73
- Input Board74
- Figure 18: Input Board74
- Standard Output Relay Board75
- Figure 19: Standard Output Relay Board - 8 Contacts75
- IRIG-B Board76
- Figure 20: IRIG-B Board76
- Fibre Optic Board77
- Figure 21: Fibre Optic Board77
- Rear Communication Board78
- Ethernet Board78
- Figure 22: Rear Communication Board78
- Figure 23: Ethernet Board78
- Redundant Ethernet Board80
- Figure 24: Redundant Ethernet Board80
Chapter 4 Software Design83
Chapter Overview85
Sofware Design Overview86
- Figure 25: Software Architecture86
System Level Software87
- Real Time Operating System87
- System Services Software87
- Self-Diagnostic Software87
- Startup Self-Testing87
- System Boot87
- System Level Software Initialisation88
- Platform Software Initialisation and Monitoring88
- Continuous Self-Testing88
Platform Software89
- Record Logging89
- Settings Database89
- Interfaces89
Protection and Control Functions90
- Acquisition of Samples90
- Frequency Tracking90
- Direct Use of Sample Values90
- Fourier Signal Processing90
- Programmable Scheme Logic91
- Figure 26: Frequency Response (Indicative Only)91
- Event Recording92
- Disturbance Recorder92
- Fault Locator92
- Function Key Interface92
Chapter 5 Configuration93
Chapter Overview95
Settings Application Software96
Using the HMI Panel97
- Navigating the HMI Panel98
- Getting Started98
- Figure 27: Navigating the HMI98
- Default Display99
- Default Display Navigation100
- Figure 28: Default Display Navigation100
- Password Entry101
- Processing Alarms and Records101
- Menu Structure102
- Changing the Settings103
- Direct Access (the Hotkey Menu)104
- Setting Group Selection Using Hotkeys104
- Control Inputs104
- Circuit Breaker Control105
- Function Keys105
Date and Time Configuration107
- Using an SNTP Signal107
- Using an IRIG-B Signal107
- Using an IEEE 1588 PTP Signal107
- Without a Timing Source Signal108
- Time Zone Compensation108
- Daylight Saving Time Compensation109
Settings Group Selection110
Chapter 6 Current Protection Functions111
Chapter Overview113
Overcurrent Protection Principles114
- IDMT Characteristics114
- IEC 60255 IDMT Curves115
- European Standards117
- Figure 29: IEC 60255 IDMT Curves117
- North American Standards118
- IEC and IEEE Inverse Curves120
- Figure 30: IEC Standard and very Inverse Curves120
- Figure 31: IEC Extremely Inverse and IEEE Moderate Inverse Curves120
- Differences between the North American and European Standards121
- Programmable Curves121
- Principles of Implementation121
- Figure 32: IEEE very and Extremely Inverse Curves121
- Timer Hold Facility122
- Figure 33: Principle of Protection Function Implementation122
Phase Overcurrent Protection124
- Phase Overcurrent Protection Implementation124
- Non-Directional Overcurrent Logic125
- Figure 34: Non-Directional Overcurrent Logic Diagram125
- Directional Element126
- Directional Overcurrent Logic127
- Figure 35: Directional Overcurrent Logic Diagram (Phase a Shown Only)127
- Application Notes128
- Parallel Feeders128
- Figure 36: Typical Distribution System Using Parallel Transformers128
- Ring Main Arrangements129
- Setting Guidelines129
- Figure 37: Typical Ring Main with Associated Overcurrent Protection129
- Setting Guidelines (Directional Element)130
Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Element131
- Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Protection Implementation131
- Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Protection131
- Figure 38: Modification of Current Pickup Level for Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Protection131
- Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection132
- Figure 39: Modification of Current Pickup Level for Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection132
- Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Logic133
- Application Notes133
- Setting Guidelines133
- Figure 40: Voltage Dependant Overcurrent Logic (Phase a to Phase B)133
Current Setting Threshold Selection135
- Figure 41: Selecting the Current Threshold Setting135
Cold Load Pickup136
- Implementation136
- CLP Logic137
- Application Notes137
- CLP for Resistive Loads137
- CLP for Motor Feeders137
- Figure 42: Cold Load Pickup Logic137
- CLP for Switch Onto Fault Conditions138
Selective Logic139
- Selective Logic Implementation139
- Selective Logic Diagram139
- Figure 43: Selective Logic139
Timer Setting Selection141
- Figure 44: Selecting the Timer Settings141
Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection142
- Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection Implementation142
- Non-Directional Negative Sequence Overcurrent Logic143
- Composite Earth Fault Start Logic143
- Directional Element143
- Figure 45: Negative Sequence Overcurrent Logic - Non-Directional Operation143
- Figure 46: Composite Earth Fault Start Logic143
- Directional Negative Sequence Overcurrent Logic144
- Application Notes144
- Setting Guidelines (Current Threshold)144
- Figure 47: Negative Sequence Overcurrent Logic - Directional Operation144
- Setting Guidelines (Time Delay)145
- Setting Guidelines (Directional Element)145
Earth Fault Protection146
- Earth Fault Protection Elements146
- Non-Directional Earth Fault Logic147
- IDG Curve147
- Figure 48: Non-Directional EF Logic (Single Stage)147
- Directional Element148
- Residual Voltage Polarisation148
- Figure 49: IDG Characteristic148
- Negative Sequence Polarisation149
- Figure 50: Directional EF Logic with Neutral Voltage Polarization (Single Stage)149
- Application Notes150
- Setting Guidelines (Directional Element)150
- Peterson Coil Earthed Systems150
- Figure 51: Directional Earth Fault Logic with Negative Sequence Polarisation (Single Stage)150
- Figure 52: Current Level (Amps) at Which Transient Faults Are Self-Extinguishing151
- Figure 53: Earth Fault in Petersen Coil Earthed System151
- Figure 54: Distribution of Currents During a Phase C Fault152
- Figure 55: Phasors for a Phase C Earth Fault in a Petersen Coil Earthed System152
- Figure 56: Zero Sequence Network Showing Residual Currents153
- Setting Guidelines (Compensated Networks)154
- Figure 57: Phase C Earth Fault in Petersen Coil Earthed System: Practical Case with Resistance154
Sensitive Earth Fault Protection156
- SEF Protection Implementation156
- Non-Directional SEF Logic156
- Figure 58: Non-Directional SEF Logic156
- SEF any Start Logic157
- EPATR B Curve157
- Figure 59: SEF any Start Logic157
- Directional Element158
- Figure 60: EPATR B Characteristic Shown for TMS = 1.0158
- Figure 61: Types of Directional Control158
- Wattmetric Characteristic159
- Figure 62: Resistive Components of Spill Current159
- Icos Phi / Isin Phi Characteristic160
- Figure 63: Operating Characteristic for Icos160
- Directional SEF Logic161
- Figure 64: Directional SEF with VN Polarisation (Single Stage)161
- Application Notes162
- Insulated Systems162
- Figure 65: Current Distribution in an Insulated System with C Phase Fault162
- Setting Guidelines (Insulated Systems)163
- Figure 66: Phasor Diagrams for Insulated System with C Phase Fault163
- Figure 67: Positioning of Core Balance Current Transformers164
Thermal Overload Protection165
- Single Time Constant Characteristic165
- Dual Time Constant Characteristic165
- Thermal Overload Protection Implementation166
- Thermal Overload Protection Logic166
- Application Notes166
- Setting Guidelines for Dual Time Constant Characteristic166
- Figure 68: Thermal Overload Protection Logic Diagram166
- Figure 69: Spreadsheet Calculation for Dual Time Constant Thermal Characteristic167
- Figure 70: Dual Time Constant Thermal Characteristic167
- Setting Guidelines for Single Time Constant Characteristic168
Broken Conductor Protection170
- Broken Conductor Protection Implementation170
- Broken Conductor Protection Logic170
- Application Notes170
- Setting Guidelines170
- Figure 71: Broken Conductor Logic170
Blocked Overcurrent Protection172
- Blocked Overcurrent Implementation172
- Blocked Overcurrent Logic172
- Blocked Earth Fault Logic172
- Figure 72: Blocked Overcurrent Logic172
- Application Notes173
- Busbar Blocking Scheme173
- Figure 73: Blocked Earth Fault Logic173
- Figure 74: Simple Busbar Blocking Scheme173
- Figure 75: Simple Busbar Blocking Scheme Characteristics174
Second Harmonic Blocking175
- Second Harmonic Blocking Implementation175
- Second Harmonic Blocking Logic (POC Input)176
- Figure 76: 2Nd Harmonic Blocking Logic (POC Input)176
- Second Harmonic Blocking Logic (SEF Input)177
- Application Notes177
- Setting Guidelines177
- Figure 77: 2Nd Harmonic Blocking Logic (SEF Input)177
Load Blinders178
- Load Blinder Implementation178
- Figure 78: Load Blinder and Angle178
- Load Blinder Logic179
- Figure 79: Load Blinder Logic 3Phase179
- Figure 80: Load Blinder Logic Phase a180
Neutral Admittance Protection182
- Neutral Admittance Operation182
- Conductance Operation182
- Figure 81: Admittance Protection182
- Susceptance Operation183
- Figure 82: Conductance Operation183
- Figure 83: Susceptance Operation183
Busbar Protection185
- Figure 84: Simplified Busbar Representation185
- Buswire Supervision186
- Figure 85: High Impedance Differential Protection for Busbars186
Chapter 7 Restricted Earth Fault Protection187
Chapter Overview189
REF Protection Principles190
- Figure 86: REF Protection for Delta Side190
- Figure 87: REF Protection for Star Side190
- Resistance-Earthed Star Windings191
- Solidly-Earthed Star Windings191
- Figure 88: REF Protection for Resistance-Earthed Systems191
- Through Fault Stability192
- Restricted Earth Fault Types192
- Figure 89: REF Protection for Solidly Earthed System192
- Low Impedance REF Principle193
- Figure 90: Low Impedance REF Connection193
- High Impedance REF Principle194
- Figure 91: Three-Slope REF Bias Characteristic194
- Figure 92: High Impedance REF Principle195
- Figure 93: High Impedance REF Connection196
Restricted Earth Fault Protection Implementation197
- Low Impedance REF197
- Setting the Bias Characteristic197
- Delayed Bias198
- Transient Bias198
- High Impedance REF198
- Figure 94: REF Bias Characteristic198
- High Impedance REF Calculation Principles199
Application Notes200
- Star Winding Resistance Earthed200
- Figure 95: Star Winding, Resistance Earthed200
- Low Impedance REF Protection Application201
- Setting Guidelines for Biased Operation201
- Low Impedance REF Scaling Factor201
- Figure 96: Percentage of Winding Protected201
- Parameter Calculations202
- Figure 97: Low Impedance REF Scaling Factor202
- High Impedance REF Protection Application203
- High Impedance REF Operating Modes203
- Figure 98: Hi-Z REF Protection for a Grounded Star Winding203
- Figure 99: Hi-Z REF Protection for a Delta Winding203
- Setting Guidelines for High Impedance Operation204
- Figure 100: Hi-Z REF Protection for Autotransformer Configuration204
- Figure 101: High Impedance REF for the LV Winding205
Chapter 8 CB Fail Protection207
Chapter Overview209
Circuit Breaker Fail Protection210
Circuit Breaker Fail Implementation211
- Circuit Breaker Fail Timers211
- Zero Crossing Detection211
Circuit Breaker Fail Logic213
- Figure 102: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Three Phase Start213
- Figure 103: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Single Phase Start214
- Figure 104: Circuit Breaker Fail Trip and Alarm215
Undercurrent and ZCD Logic for CB Fail216
- Figure 105: Undercurrent and Zero Crossing Detection Logic for CB Fail216
CB Fail SEF Protection Logic217
- Figure 106: CB Fail SEF Protection Logic217
CB Fail Non Current Protection Logic218
- Figure 107: CB Fail Non Current Protection Logic218
Circuit Breaker Mapping219
- Figure 108: Circuit Breaker Mapping219
Application Notes220
- Reset Mechanisms for CB Fail Timers220
- Setting Guidelines (CB Fail Timer)220
- Setting Guidelines (Undercurrent)221
- Figure 109: CB Fail Timing221
Chapter 9 Current Transformer Requirements223
Chapter Overview225
CT Requirements226
- Phase Overcurrent Protection226
- Directional Elements226
- Non-Directional Elements226
- Earth Fault Protection227
- Directional Elements227
- Non-Directional Elements227
- SEF Protection (Residually Connected)227
- SEF Protection (Core-Balanced CT)228
- Directional Elements228
- Non-Directional Elements228
- Low Impedance REF Protection228
- High Impedance REF Protection228
- High Impedance Busbar Protection229
- Use of Metrosil Non-Linear Resistors229
- Use of ANSI C-Class Cts231
Chapter 10 Voltage Protection Functions233
Chapter Overview235
Undervoltage Protection236
- Undervoltage Protection Implementation236
- Undervoltage Protection Logic237
- Figure 110: Undervoltage - Single and Three Phase Tripping Mode (Single Stage)237
- Application Notes238
- Undervoltage Setting Guidelines238
Overvoltage Protection239
- Overvoltage Protection Implementation239
- Overvoltage Protection Logic240
- Figure 111: Overvoltage - Single and Three Phase Tripping Mode (Single Stage)240
- Application Notes241
- Overvoltage Setting Guidelines241
Rate of Change of Voltage Protection242
- Rate of Change of Voltage Protection Implementation242
- Rate of Change of Voltage Logic242
- Figure 112: Rate of Change of Voltage Protection Logic242
Residual Overvoltage Protection244
- Residual Overvoltage Protection Implementation244
- Residual Overvoltage Logic245
- Application Notes245
- Calculation for Solidly Earthed Systems245
- Figure 113: Residual Overvoltage Logic245
- Calculation for Impedance Earthed Systems246
- Figure 114: Residual Voltage for a Solidly Earthed System246
- Neutral Voltage Displacement (Nvd) Protection Applied to Condenser Bushings (Capacitor Cones)247
- Figure 115: Residual Voltage for an Impedance Earthed System247
- Figure 116: Star Connected Condenser Bushings248
- Figure 117: Theoretical Earth Fault in Condenser Bushing System248
- Figure 118: Condenser Bushing System Vectors249
- Figure 119: Device Connection with Resistors and Shorting Contact250
- Figure 120: Device Connection P141/ P142/ P143/ P145252
- Figure 121: Device Connection P144252
- Setting Guidelines253
Negative Sequence Overvoltage Protection254
- Negative Sequence Overvoltage Implementation254
- Negative Sequence Overvoltage Logic254
- Application Notes254
- Setting Guidelines254
- Figure 122: Negative Sequence Overvoltage Logic254
Sensitive Overvoltage Supervision256
- Sensitive Overvoltage Implementation256
- Sensitive Overvoltage Filter Mode256
- Sensitive Overvoltage Logic257
- Sensitive Overvoltage Operation Logic257
- Figure 123: Sensitive Overvoltage Operation Logic257
- Sensitive Overvoltage Filter Mode Logic258
- Sensitive Overvoltage Blocking Logic258
- Figure 124: Sensitive Overvoltage Filter Mode Logic258
- Figure 125: Sensitive Overvoltage Blocking Logic258
Chapter 11 Frequency Protection Functions259
Chapter Overview261
Frequency Protection Overview262
- Frequency Protection Implementation262
Underfrequency Protection264
- Underfrequency Protection Implementation264
- Underfrequency Protection Logic264
- Figure 126: Underfrequency Logic (Single Stage)264
- Application Notes265
- Setting Guidelines265
Overfrequency Protection266
- Overfrequency Protection Implementation266
- Overfrequency Protection Logic266
- Figure 127: Overfrequency Logic (Single Stage)266
- Application Notes267
- Setting Guidelines267
- Figure 128: Power System Segregation Based Upon Frequency Measurements267
Independent R.O.C.O.F Protection268
- Indepenent R.O.C.O.F Protection Implementation268
- Independent R.O.C.O.F Protection Logic269
- Application Notes269
- Setting Guidelines269
- Figure 129: Independent Rate of Change of Frequency Logic (Single Stage)269
Frequency-Supervised R.O.C.O.F Protection271
- Frequency-Supervised R.O.C.O.F Implementation271
- Frequency-Supervised R.O.C.O.F Logic272
- Application Notes272
- Frequency-Supervised R.O.C.O.F Example272
- Figure 130: Frequency-Supervised Rate of Change of Frequency Logic (Single Stage)272
- Setting Guidelines273
- Figure 131: Frequency Supervised Rate of Change of Frequency Protection273
Average Rate of Change of Frequency Protection274
- Average R.O.C.O.F Protection Implementation274
- Figure 132: Average Rate of Change of Frequency Characteristic274
- Average R.O.C.O.F Logic275
- Application Notes275
- Setting Guidelines275
- Figure 133: Average Rate of Change of Frequency Logic (Single Stage)275
Load Shedding and Restoration277
- Load Restoration Implementation277
- Holding Band277
- Figure 134: Load Restoration with Short Deviation into Holding Band278
- Figure 135: Load Restoration with Long Deviation into Holding Band279
- Load Restoration Logic280
- Application Notes280
- Setting Guidelines280
- Figure 136: Load Restoration Logic280
Chapter 12 Power Protection Functions283
Chapter Overview285
Overpower Protection286
- Overpower Protection Implementation286
- Overpower Logic287
- Application Notes287
- Forward Overpower Setting Guidelines287
- Reverse Power Considerations287
- Figure 137: Overpower Logic287
- Reverse Overpower Setting Guidelines288
Underpower Protection289
- Underpower Protection Implementation289
- Underpower Logic290
- Application Notes290
- Low Forward Power Considerations290
- Low Forward Power Setting Guidelines290
- Figure 138: Underpower Logic290
Sensitive Power Protection292
- Sensitive Power Protection Implementation292
- Sensitive Power Measurements292
- Sensitive Power Logic293
- Application Notes293
- Sensitive Power Calculation293
- Figure 139: Sensitive Power Logic Diagram293
- Figure 140: Sensitive Power Input Vectors294
- Sensitive Power Setting Guidelines295
Transient Earth Fault Detection296
- Transient Earth Fault Detection Implementation297
- Transient Earth Fault Detector297
- Fault Type Detector297
- Direction Detector297
- Transient Earth Fault Detection Logic298
- Transient Earth Fault Detection Logic Overview298
- Figure 141: Transient Earth Fault Logic Overview298
- Fault Type Detector Logic299
- Direction Detector Logic - Standard Mode299
- Transient Earth Fault Detection Output Alarm Logic299
- Figure 142: Fault Type Detector Logic299
- Figure 143: Direction Detector Logic - Standard Mode299
- Figure 144: TEFD Output Alarm Logic299
Chapter 13 Autoreclose301
Chapter Overview303
Introduction to 3-Phase Autoreclose304
Implementation305
Autoreclose Function Inputs306
- CB Healthy306
- Block AR306
- Reset Lockout306
- AR Auto Mode306
- Auto Mode306
- Liveline Mode306
- Telecontrol Mode306
- Circuits OK306
- AR Sys Checks OK307
- Ext AR Prot Trip (External AR Protection Trip)307
- Ext AR Prot Start (External AR Protection Start)307
- DAR Complete (Delayed Autoreclose Complete)307
- CB in Service (Circuit Breaker in Service)307
- AR Restart307
- DT OK to Start (Dead Time OK to Start)307
- Deadtime Enabled308
- AR Init Triptest (Initiate Trip Test)308
- AR Skip Shot308
- Inh Reclaim Time (Inhibit Reclaim Time)308
Autoreclose Function Outputs309
- AR in Progress309
- AR in Progress 1 (DAR in Progress)309
- Sequence Counter Status DDB Signals309
- Successful Close309
- AR in Service309
- Block Main Prot (Block Main Protection)309
- Block SEF Prot (Block SEF Protection)309
- Reclose Checks309
- Deadt in Prog (Dead Time in Progress)310
- DT Complete (Dead Time Complete)310
- AR Sync Check (AR Synchronisation Check)310
- AR Syschecks OK (AR System Checks OK)310
- Auto Close310
- Protection Lockt (Protection Lockout)310
- Reset Lckout Alm (Reset Lockout Alarm)310
- Reclaim in Prog310
- Reclaim Complete310
Autoreclose Function Alarms311
- AR no Sys Check311
- AR CB Unhealthy311
- AR Lockout311
Autoreclose Operation312
- Operating Modes313
- Four-Position Selector Switch Implementation313
- Figure 145: Four-Position Selector Switch Implementation314
- Operating Mode Selection Logic315
- Autoreclose Initiation315
- Figure 146: Autoreclose Mode Select Logic315
- Start Signal Logic317
- Trip Signal Logic317
- Figure 147: Start Signal Logic317
- Figure 148: Trip Signal Logic317
- Blocking Signal Logic318
- Shots Exceeded Logic318
- Figure 149: Blocking Signal Logic318
- Figure 150: Shots Exceeded Logic318
- AR Initiation Logic319
- Blocking Instantaneous Protection for Selected Trips319
- Figure 151: AR Initiation Logic319
- Figure 152: Blocking Instantaneous Protection for Selected Trips320
- Blocking Instantaneous Protection for Lockouts321
- Dead Time Control322
- Figure 153: Blocking Instantaneous Protection for Lockouts322
- AR CB Close Control323
- Figure 154: Dead Time Control Logic323
- AR System Checks324
- Figure 155: AR CB Close Control Logic324
- Reclaim Timer Initiation325
- Figure 156: AR System Check Logic325
- Autoreclose Inhibit326
- Figure 157: Reclaim Time Logic326
- Autoreclose Lockout327
- Figure 158: AR Initiation Inhibit327
- Figure 159: Overall Lockout Logic328
- Sequence Co-Ordination329
- Figure 160: Lockout for Protection Trip When AR Is Not Available329
- System Checks for First Reclose330
Setting Guidelines331
- Number of Shots331
- Dead Timer Setting331
- Stability and Synchronism Requirements331
- Operational Convenience331
- Load Requirements332
- Circuit Breaker332
- Fault De-Ionisation Time332
- Protection Reset Time332
- Reclaim Timer Setting333
Chapter 14 Monitoring and Control335
Chapter Overview337
Event Records338
- Event Types338
- Opto-Input Events339
- Contact Events339
- Alarm Events339
- Fault Record Events340
- Maintenance Events340
- Protection Events340
- Figure 161: Fault Recorder Stop Conditions340
- Security Events341
- Platform Events341
Disturbance Recorder342
Measurements343
- Measured Quantities343
- Measured and Calculated Currents343
- Measured and Calculated Voltages343
- Power and Energy Quantities343
- Demand Values344
- Frequency Measurements344
- Other Measurements344
- Measurement Setup344
- Fault Locator345
- Fault Locator Settings Example345
- Opto-Input Time Stamping345
CB Condition Monitoring346
- Application Notes346
- Setting the Thresholds for the Total Broken Current346
- Setting the Thresholds for the Number of Operations346
- Setting the Thresholds for the Operating Time347
- Setting the Thresholds for Excesssive Fault Frequency347
CB State Monitoring348
- CB State Monitoring Logic349
- Figure 162: CB State Monitoring Logic349
Circuit Breaker Control350
- CB Control Using the IED Menu350
- CB Control Using the Hotkeys351
- CB Control Using the Function Keys351
- Figure 163: Hotkey Menu Navigation351
- CB Control Using the Opto-Inputs352
- Remote CB Control352
- Figure 164: Default Function Key PSL352
- Figure 165: Remote Control of Circuit Breaker353
- CB Control Logic354
- Synchronisation Check354
- CB Healthy Check354
- Figure 166: CB Control Logic354
Pole Dead Function355
- Pole Dead Logic355
- Figure 167: Pole Dead Logic355
System Checks356
- System Checks Implementation356
- VT Connections356
- Voltage Monitoring356
- Check Synchronisation357
- Check Syncronisation Vector Diagram357
- System Split358
- Figure 168: Check Synchronisation Vector Diagram358
- System Check Logic359
- Figure 169: System Check Logic359
- System Check PSL360
- Application Notes360
- Slip Control360
- Figure 170: System Check PSL360
- Use of Check Sync 2 and System Split361
- Predictive Closure of Circuit Breaker361
- Voltage and Phase Angle Correction361
Switch Status and Control363
- Figure 171: Representation of Typical Feeder Bay363
- Switch Status Logic364
- Figure 172: Switch Status Logic364
- Switch Control Logic365
- Figure 173: Switch Control Logic365
Chapter 15 Supervision367
Chapter Overview369
Voltage Transformer Supervision370
- Loss of One or Two Phase Voltages370
- Loss of All Three Phase Voltages370
- Absence of All Three Phase Voltages on Line Energisation370
- VTS Implementation371
- VTS Logic371
- Figure 174: VTS Logic372
- VTS Acceleration Indication Logic373
- Figure 175: VTS Acceleration Indication Logic373
Current Transformer Supervision374
- CTS Implementation374
- CTS Logic374
- Figure 176: CTS Logic Diagram374
- Application Notes375
- Setting Guidelines375
Trip Circuit Supervision376
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme376
- Resistor Values376
- Psl for Tcs Scheme 1377
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme 2377
- Figure 177: TCS Scheme378
- Figure 178: PSL for TCS Scheme378
- Figure 179: TCS Scheme378
- Figure 180: PSL for TCS Scheme 2378
- Figure 181: TCS Scheme 3379
- Figure 182: PSL for TCS Scheme 3379
Chapter 16 Digital I/O and PSL Configuration381
Chapter Overview383
Configuring Digital Inputs and Outputs384
Scheme Logic385
- Figure 183: Scheme Logic Interfaces385
- PSL Editor386
- PSL Schemes386
- PSL Scheme Version Control386
Configuring the Opto-Inputs387
Assigning the Output Relays388
Fixed Function Leds389
- Trip LED Logic389
- Figure 184: Trip LED Logic389
Configuring Programmable Leds390
Function Keys392
Control Inputs393
Chapter 17 Electrical Teleprotection395
Chapter Overview397
Introduction398
Teleprotection Scheme Principles399
- Direct Tripping399
- Permissive Tripping399
Implementation400
Configuration401
- Figure 185: Example Assignment of Intermicom Signals Within the PSL402
Connecting to Electrical Intermicom403
- Short Distance403
- Long Distance403
- Figure 186: Direct Connection403
- Figure 187: Indirect Connection Using Modems403
Application Notes404
Chapter 18 Communications407
Chapter Overview409
Communication Interfaces410
Serial Communication411
- EIA(RS)232 Bus411
- EIA(RS)485 Bus411
- EIA(RS)485 Biasing Requirements412
- K-Bus412
- Figure 188: RS485 Biasing Circuit412
- Figure 189: Remote Communication Using K-Bus413
Standard Ethernet Communication414
- Hot-Standby Ethernet Failover414
Redundant Ethernet Communication415
- Supported Protocols415
- Parallel Redundancy Protocol416
- Figure 190: IED Attached to Separate Lans416
- PRP Application in the Substation417
- High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR)417
- HSR Multicast Topology417
- Figure 191: PRP Application in the Substation417
- HSR Unicast Topology418
- Figure 192: HSR Multicast Topology418
- HSR Application in the Substation419
- Figure 193: HSR Unicast Topology419
- Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol420
- Figure 194: HSR Application in the Substation420
- Figure 195: IED Attached to Redundant Ethernet Star or Ring Circuit420
- Self Healing Protocol421
- Figure 196: IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switch with Self Healing Ring Facilities421
- Figure 197: Redundant Ethernet Ring Architecture with IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switches421
- Dual Homing Protocol422
- Figure 198: Redundant Ethernet Ring Architecture with IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switches422
- Figure 199: Dual Homing Mechanism423
- Configuring IP Addresses424
- Figure 200: Application of Dual Homing Star at Substation Level424
- Configuring the IED IP Address425
- Configuring the REB IP Address425
- Figure 201: IED and REB IP Address Configuration425
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)429
- SNMP Management Information Bases429
- Main Processor MIBS Structure429
- Redundant Ethernet Board MIB Structure430
- Accessing the MIB434
- Main Processor SNMP Configuration434
Data Protocols436
- Courier436
- Physical Connection and Link Layer436
- Courier Database437
- Settings Categories437
- Setting Changes437
- Event Extraction437
- Disturbance Record Extraction439
- Programmable Scheme Logic Settings439
- Time Synchronisation439
- Courier Configuration440
- Physical Connection and Link Layer441
- Iec 60870-5-103441
- Initialisation442
- Time Synchronisation442
- Spontaneous Events442
- General Interrogation (GI)442
- Cyclic Measurements442
- Commands442
- Test Mode443
- Disturbance Records443
- Command/Monitor Blocking443
- IEC 60870-5-103 Configuration443
- Dnp444
- Physical Connection and Link Layer445
- Object 1 Binary Inputs445
- Object 10 Binary Outputs445
- Object 20 Binary Counters446
- Object 30 Analogue Input446
- Figure 202: Control Input Behaviour446
- Object 40 Analogue Output447
- Object 50 Time Synchronisation447
- DNP3 Device Profile447
- DNP3 Configuration455
- Modbus456
- Physical Connection and Link Layer457
- MODBUS Functions457
- Response Codes457
- Register Mapping458
- Event Extraction458
- Disturbance Record Extraction459
- Figure 203: Manual Selection of a Disturbance Record462
- Figure 204: Automatic Selection of Disturbance Record - Method 1463
- Figure 205: Automatic Selection of Disturbance Record - Method 2464
- Figure 206: Configuration File Extraction465
- Figure 207: Data File Extraction466
- Setting Changes467
- Password Protection467
- Protection and Disturbance Recorder Settings467
- Time Synchronisation468
- Power and Energy Measurement Data Formats469
- MODBUS Configuration470
- Iec 61850471
- Benefits of IEC 61850471
- IEC 61850 Interoperability472
- The IEC 61850 Data Model472
- Figure 208: Data Model Layers in IEC61850472
- IEC 61850 in Micom Ieds473
- IEC 61850 Data Model Implementation473
- IEC 61850 Communication Services Implementation473
- IEC 61850 Peer-To-Peer (GOOSE) Communications474
- Mapping GOOSE Messages to Virtual Inputs474
- Ethernet Functionality474
- IEC 61850 Configuration474
Read Only Mode476
- Courier Protocol Blocking476
- IEC 61850 Protocol Blocking477
- Read-Only Settings477
- Read-Only DDB Signals477
Time Synchronisation478
- Demodulated IRIG-B478
- Figure 209: GPS Satellite Timing Signal478
- IRIG-B Implementation479
- Sntp479
- Loss of SNTP Server Signal Alarm479
- IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol479
- Accuracy and Delay Calculation479
- PTP Domains480
- Time Synchronsiation Using the Communication Protocols480
- Figure 210: Timing Error Using Ring or Line Topology480
Chapter 19 Cyber-Security481
Overview483
The Need for Cyber-Security484
Standards485
- NERC Compliance485
- Cip 002486
- Cip 007487
- Ieee 1686-2007487
Cyber-Security Implementation489
- NERC-Compliant Display489
- Four-Level Access490
- Figure 211: Default Display Navigation490
- Blank Passwords491
- Password Rules491
- Access Level Ddbs492
- Enhanced Password Security492
- Password Strengthening492
- Password Validation492
- Password Blocking493
- Password Recovery494
- Password Encryption495
- Disabling Physical Ports495
- Disabling Logical Ports495
- Security Events Management496
- Logging out498
Chapter 20 Installation499
Chapter Overview501
Handling the Goods502
- Receipt of the Goods502
- Unpacking the Goods502
- Storing the Goods502
- Dismantling the Goods502
Mounting the Device503
- Flush Panel Mounting503
- Figure 212: Location of Battery Isolation Strip503
- Rack Mounting504
- Figure 213: Rack Mounting of Products504
Cables and Connectors506
- Terminal Blocks506
- Figure 214: Terminal Block Types506
- Power Supply Connections507
- Earth Connnection507
- Current Transformers507
- Voltage Transformer Connections508
- Watchdog Connections508
- EIA(RS)485 and K-Bus Connections508
- IRIG-B Connection508
- Opto-Input Connections508
- Output Relay Connections508
- Ethernet Metallic Connections509
- Ethernet Fibre Connections509
- RS232 Connection509
- Download/Monitor Port509
- GPS Fibre Connection509
- Fibre Communication Connections509
Case Dimensions510
- Case Dimensions 40TE510
- Figure 215: 40TE Case Dimensions510
- Case Dimensions 60TE511
- Figure 216: 60TE Case Dimensions511
- Case Dimensions 80TE512
- Figure 217: 80TE Case Dimensions512
Chapter 21 Commissioning Instructions513
Chapter Overview515
General Guidelines516
Commissioning Test Menu517
- Opto I/P Status Cell (Opto-Input Status)517
- Relay O/P Status Cell (Relay Output Status)517
- Test Port Status Cell517
- Monitor Bit 1 to 8 Cells517
- Test Mode Cell518
- Test Pattern Cell518
- Contact Test Cell518
- Test Leds Cell518
- Test Autoreclose Cell518
- Red and Green LED Status Cells519
- Using a Monitor Port Test Box519
Commissioning Equipment520
- Recommended Commissioning Equipment520
- Essential Commissioning Equipment520
- Advisory Test Equipment521
Product Checks522
- Product Checks with the IED De-Energised522
- Visual Inspection523
- Current Transformer Shorting Contacts523
- Insulation523
- External Wiring523
- Watchdog Contacts524
- Power Supply524
- Product Checks with the IED Energised524
- Test LCD525
- Date and Time525
- Test Leds526
- Test Alarm and Out-Of-Service Leds526
- Test Trip LED526
- Test User-Programmable Leds526
- Test Opto-Inputs526
- Test Output Relays526
- Test Serial Communication Port RP1527
- Figure 218: RP1 Physical Connection527
- Test Serial Communication Port RP2528
- Test Ethernet Communication528
- Figure 219: Remote Communication Using K-Bus528
- Secondary Injection Tests529
- Test Current Inputs529
- Test Voltage Inputs529
Setting Checks531
- Apply Application-Specific Settings531
- Transferring Settings from a Settings File531
- Entering Settings Using the HMI531
Protection Timing Checks533
- Overcurrent Check533
- Connecting the Test Circuit533
- Performing the Test533
- Check the Operating Time533
Onload Checks535
- Confirm Current Connections535
- Confirm Voltage Connections535
- On-Load Directional Test536
Final Checks537
Chapter 22 Maintenance and Troubleshooting539
Chapter Overview541
Maintenance542
- Maintenance Checks542
- Alarms542
- Opto-Isolators542
- Output Relays542
- Measurement Accuracy542
- Replacing the Device543
- Repairing the Device544
- Removing the Front Panel544
- Figure 220: Possible Terminal Block Types544
- Replacing Pcbs545
- Replacing the Main Processor Board545
- Replacement of Communications Boards546
- Figure 221: Front Panel Assembly546
- Replacement of the Input Module547
- Replacement of the Power Supply Board547
- Replacement of the I/O Boards548
- Recalibration548
- Changing the Battery548
- Post Modification Tests549
- Battery Disposal549
- Cleaning549
Troubleshooting550
- Self-Diagnostic Software550
- Power-Up Errors550
- Error Message or Code on Power-Up550
- Out of Service LED on at Power-Up551
- Error Code During Operation552
- Backup Battery552
- Mal-Operation During Testing552
- Failure of Output Contacts552
- Failure of Opto-Inputs552
- Incorrect Analogue Signals553
- PSL Editor Troubleshooting553
- Diagram Reconstruction553
- PSL Version Check553
Repair and Modification Procedure554
Chapter 23 Technical Specifications555
Chapter Overview557
Interfaces558
- Front Serial Port558
- Download/Monitor Port558
- Rear Serial Port558
- Fibre Rear Serial Port558
- Optional Rear Serial Port (SK5)559
- IRIG-B (Demodulated)559
- IRIG-B (Modulated)559
- Rear Serial Port 2559
- Rear Ethernet Port Copper560
- Rear Ethernet Port Fibre560
- 100 Base Fx Receiver Characteristics560
- 100 Base Fx Transmitter Characteristics561
Performance of Current Protection Functions562
- Transient Overreach and Overshoot562
- Phase Overcurrent Protection562
- Phase Overcurrent Directional Parameters562
- Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Protection562
- Earth Fault Protection563
- Earth Fault Directional Parameters563
- Sensitive Earth Fault Protection564
- SEF Directional Parameters564
- Restricted Earth Fault Protection564
- Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection565
- NPSOC Directional Parameters565
- Circuit Breaker Fail and Undercurrent Protection565
- Broken Conductor Protection565
- Thermal Overload Protection565
- Cold Load Pickup Protection566
- Selective Overcurrent Protection566
- Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Protection566
- Neutral Admittance Protection566
Performance of Voltage Protection Functions567
- Undervoltage Protection567
- Overvoltage Protection567
- Residual Overvoltage Protection567
- Negative Sequence Voltage Protection567
- Rate of Change of Voltage Protection568
Performance of Frequency Protection Functions569
- Basic Overfrequency Protection569
- Basic Underfrequency Protection569
- Advanced Overfrequency Protection569
- Advanced Underfrequency Protection570
- Supervised Rate of Change of Frequency Protection570
- Independent Rate of Change of Frequency Protection570
- Average Rate of Change of Frequency Protection571
- Load Restoration571
Power Protection Functions572
- Overpower / Underpower Protection572
- Sensitive Power Protection572
Performance of Monitoring and Control Functions573
- Voltage Transformer Supervision573
- Standard Current Transformer Supervision573
- CB State and Condition Monitoring573
- PSL Timers573
Measurements and Recording574
- General574
- Disturbance Records574
- Event, Fault and Maintenance Records574
- Fault Locator574
Ratings575
- AC Measuring Inputs575
- Current Transformer Inputs575
- Voltage Transformer Inputs575
- Auxiliary Supply Voltage575
- Nominal Burden576
- Power Supply Interruption576
- Battery Backup577
Input / Output Connections578
- Isolated Digital Inputs578
- Nominal Pickup and Reset Thresholds578
- Standard Output Contacts578
- High Break Output Contacts579
- Watchdog Contacts579
Mechanical Specifications580
- Physical Parameters580
- Enclosure Protection580
- Mechanical Robustness580
- Transit Packaging Performance580
Type Tests581
- Insulation581
- Creepage Distances and Clearances581
- High Voltage (Dielectric) Withstand581
- Impulse Voltage Withstand Test581
Environmental Conditions582
- Ambient Temperature Range582
- Temperature Endurance Test582
- Ambient Humidity Range582
- Corrosive Environments582
Electromagnetic Compatibility583
- Mhz Burst High Frequency Disturbance Test583
- Damped Oscillatory Test583
- Immunity to Electrostatic Discharge583
- Electrical Fast Transient or Burst Requirements583
- Surge Withstand Capability583
- Surge Immunity Test584
- Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Energy584
- Radiated Immunity from Digital Communications584
- Radiated Immunity from Digital Radio Telephones584
- Immunity to Conducted Disturbances Induced by Radio Frequency Fields584
- Magnetic Field Immunity585
- Conducted Emissions585
- Radiated Emissions585
- Power Frequency585
Regulatory Compliance586
- EMC Compliance: 2014/30/EU586
- LVD Compliance: 2014/35/EU586
- R&TTE Compliance: 2014/53/EU586
- UL/CUL Compliance586
- ATEX Compliance: 2014/34/EU586
Appendix A Ordering Options589
Appendix B Settings and Signals591
Appendix C Wiring Diagrams599

GE MiCOM P145 Agile - Chapter 10 Voltage Protection Functions

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