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Appendix
5 Appendix
5.1 Transformer Diagnosis
This section describes practical experience using simple methods like winding
resistance measurement, dynamic tap changer testing, and ratio measurement.
5.1.1 Introduction
Due to ever-increasing pressure to reduce costs, the power industry is forced to
keep old power facilities in operation for as long as possible. In most European
countries, about one third of the transformers are older than 30 years.
Transformers, which are older than 50 years can still be found in service [1].
Figure 5-1 110/220 kV transformers in Germany
With the advancing age of transformers, a regular check of the operating
conditions becomes more and more important. The Dissolved Gas Analysis is a
proven and meaningful method such that if increased proportions of
hydrocarbon gases are found in the oil, the fault must be located as soon as
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