© 2005-2016 Nira Control AB 8
Premature detonation
(knock)
The flame front in the combustion chamber
advances at around 1 000 m/s instead of the
normal 100 m/s due to detonation instead of
controlled combustion.
Knocking results in very high local combustion
temperatures and damaging local detonations.
A pull-up resistor connects an input or an output to
+12 V (or +5 V). It pulls up the voltage on the input
or output to +12 V (or +5 V).
A pull-down resistor connects an input or an
output to ground (0V). It pulls down the voltage on
the input or output to ground level (0V).
Each injector on/off is timed independently of all
other injectors.
By taking camshaft timing into account, the engine
can be made to run more smoothly and efficiently
and to provide more low-end torque.
A simple and straightforward method for
calculating the correct amount of fuel to inject
based on MAP, MAT and the engine speed.
Because MAP is used, any changes in ambient
pressure are accounted for.
Terminal 15 is a term used to describe battery
voltage (+12 V) after the ignition switch. Most
sensors and actuators used with NIRA i7x that
require battery voltage should be connected to
terminal 15.
Terminal 30 is a term used to describe battery
voltage (+12 V)
The throttle is controlled by the gas pedal and
determines the amount of air entering the intake
manifold.
VE
(Volumetric Efficiency)
A V.E. value of 1.0 means that 100% of the cylinder
volume gets filled during the intake stroke. For
example, if the cylinder volume is 500 cc, the
engine breathes in exactly 500 cc of air.
Do not confuse V.E. with engine efficiency. A V.E.
value above 1.0 means there’s some amount of
supercharging due to resonance, which is unusual.
If, during calibration, the V.E. table has values
above 1.1, or the lambda table is not in line with
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