46 SEBU8337
Maintenance Section
Refill Capacities
Density
Density is the mass of the fuel per unit volume
at a specificte
mperature. This parameter has a
direct influence on engine performance and a direct
influence on emissions. This determines the heat
output from a
given injected volume of fuel. This
is generally quoted in the following kg/m at 15 °C
(59 °F).
Perkins recommends a value of density of 841 kg/m
in order to obtain the correct power output. Lighter
fuels are acc
eptable but these fuels will not produce
the rated power.
Sulfur
The level of sulfur is governed by emissions
legislatio
ns. Regional regulation, national regulations
or international regulations can require a fuel with
a specific sulfur limit. The sulfur content of the fuel
and the fue
l quality must comply with all existing local
regulations for emissions.
By using th
e test methods “ASTM D5453, ASTM
D2622, or ISO 20846 ISO 20884”, the content of
sulfur in low sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel must be below
500 PPM 0.0
5%. By using the test methods “ASTM
D5453, ASTM D2622, or ISO 20846 ISO 20884”, the
contentofsulfurinultralowsulfur(ULSD)fuelmust
be below 1
5 PPM 0.0015%. The use of LSD fuel and
the use of ULSD fuel are acceptable provided that the
fuels meet the minimum requirements that are stated
in table 1
4. The lubricity of these fuels must not
exceed wear scar diameter of 0.52 mm (0.0205 inch).
The fuel lubricity test must be performed on a HFRR,
operate
d at 60 °C (140 °F). Refer to “ISO 12156-1 ”.
In some parts of the world and for some applications,
high sul
fur fuels above 0.5% by mass might only
be available. Fuel with very high sulfur content
can cause engine wear. High sulfur fuel will have
a negat
ive impact on emissions of particulates.
High sulfur fuel can be used provided that the local
emissions legislation will allow the use. High sulfur
fuel ca
n be used in countries that do not regulate
emissions.
When on
ly high sulfur fuels are available, it will
be necessary that high alkaline lubricating oil is
used in the engine or that the lubricating oil change
inter
val is reduced. Refer to this Operation and
Maintenance Manual, “Fliud Recommendations
(Genernal Lubrication Information)” for information
on sul
fur in fuel.
Lubricity
This is the capability of the fuel to prevent pump
wear. The fluid
’s lubricity describes the ability of the
fluid to reduce the friction between surfaces that are
under load. This ability reduces the damage that is
caused by fri
ction. Fuel injection systems rely on the
lubricating properties of the fuel. Until fuel sulfur limits
were mandated, the fuel’s lubricity was generally
believedtob
e a function of fuel viscosity.
The lubricity has particular significance to the current
low viscosit
y fuel, low sulfur fuel and low aromatic
fossil fuel. These fuels are made in order to meet
stringent exhaust emissions. A test method for
measuring t
he lubricity of diesel fuels has been
developed and the test is based on the HFRR
method that is operated at 60 °C (140 °F). Refer to
“ISO 12156 p
art 1 and CEC document F06-A-96” for
the test method.
Lubricity
wear scar diameter of 0.52 mm (0.0205 inch)
MUST NOT be exceeded. The fuel lubricity test must
be performed on a HFRR, operated at 60 °C (140 °F).
Refer to “I
SO 12156-1 ”.
Fuel additives can enhance the lubricity of a fuel.
Contact y
our fuel supplier for those circumstances
when fuel additives are required. Your fuel supplier
can make recommendations for additives to use
and for th
e proper level of treatment. For more
information, refer to “Fuel Additive”.
Distilla
tion
This is an indication of the mixture of different
hydroca
rbons in the fuel. A high ratio of light weight
hydrocarbons can affect the characteristics of
combustion.
Classification of the Fuels
Diesel e
ngines have the ability to burn a wide variety
of fuels. These fuels are divided into four general
groups: Ref to table 15
To Next Page
Loading...
