heavily distorted signals. These faults are handled with outmost security and
dependability, although sometimes with reduced operating speed.
8.3.2.1 System grounding
GUID-FC9BF10E-8CA1-4B23-887D-2EAB6A2A0A6E v1
The type of system
grounding plays an important role when designing the protection
system. Some hints with respect to distance protection are highlighted below.
Solidly grounded networks
GUID-6870F6A8-EB28-47CF-AF26-7CE758BF934E v1
In solidly grounded systems, the transformer neutrals are connected directly to ground
without any impedance between the transformer neutral and ground.
ANSI05000215 V2 EN-US
Figure 95: Solidly grounded network
The ground-fault current is as high or even higher than the short-circuit current. The
series impedances determine the magnitude of the fault current. The shunt admittance
has very limited influence on the ground-fault current. The shunt admittance may,
however, have some marginal influence on the ground-fault current in networks with
long transmission lines.
The ground-fault current at single phase-to-ground in phase A can be calculated as
equation
76:
A A
0
1 2 0 f 1 N f
3 V
3I
Z Z Z 3Z Z Z Z
V×
= =
+ + + + +
EQUATION1710 V2 EN-US (Equation 76)
Where:
VA is the phase-to-ground voltage (kV) in the faulty phase before fault.
Z
1
is the positive sequence impedance (Ω/phase).
Z
2
is the negative sequence impedance (Ω/phase).
Z
0
is the zero sequence impedance (Ω/phase).
Z
f
is the fault impedance (Ω), often resistive.
Z
N
is the ground-return impedance defined as (Z
0
-Z
1
)/3.
1MRK 502 071-UUS A Section 8
Impedance protection
Generator protection REG670 2.2 ANSI and Injection equipment REX060, REX061, REX062 229
Application manual
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