100-214-239 Rev. A A-1
Appendix A
Digital Sonifier
APPENDIX A: Application Information
Operating Considerations
The following sections discuss operating techniques under varying conditions.
Limiting Temperature Rise
An important objective in ultrasonic emulsification is to keep processed samples cool. Selec-
tion of the proper processing vessel and cooling bath resolves most heating problems. While
any type of vessel can be used to hold the sample, the shape of the vessel is determined prima-
rily by th e volu me to be p roces s ed. For s ma ll volu mes, choos e the smal les t diam eter vess el that
allows the probe to be inserted without touching the sides of the vessel. This minimized diam-
eter raises the height of the liquid, exposing more surface area to the cooling bath for more
effective heat transfer.
Based on heat transfer characteristics, the following vessel materials are recommended, listed
in decreasing order of heat conductivity:
1. Aluminum
2. Stainless steel
3. Thin-wall glass
4. Thick-wall glass
5. Plastic
NOTE
i Plastic vessels are not recommended unless the sample being processed
will be unaffected by heat or unless ultrasonic treatment is pulsed.
Immersing the processing vessel in a simple ice-water bath (0°C) provides sufficient cooling
for larger sample volumes, if required treatment times are short. If temperature rise is too great
with this method, consider using the following alternative baths:
• Ice-salt (-6°C)
• Ice-alcohol (-14°C)
• Dry ice-alcohol-water (-30° to -40°C)
To Next Page
Loading...
