General coverage receive capability can be added to the K3S with the KBPF3A option, which includes another 8
band-pass filters that cover all of the areas from 100 kHz to 28 MHz that are not covered by the filters on the RF
board. The KBPF3A module mounts directly above the main BPF array, and due to its very short connections,
has no effect on the performance of the main BPFs during ham-band operation.
First I.F. Stages
The front-left portion of the RF board is dedicated to the receive/transmit first I.F. (intermediate frequency)
circuitry, most of which is on the bottom of the board. The first I.F. is 8.215 MHz, which is low enough to
permit the construction of high-quality, narrow-band crystal filters, but high enough to offer good image
rejection. The I.F. stages are reversible; i.e., they’re used in one direction in receive mode, and the other during
transmit. In receive mode, the filtered signal from the BPFs is first routed through a relay-switched attenuator
with 5/10/15 dB settings, then to a low-noise diode-switched preamp, high-level switching mixer, and post-
mixer amp. The signal next encounters the noise blanker (KNB3), then the crystal filters (see below),
Crystal Filters and 2
nd
I.F.
In either receive or transmit mode, the I.F. signal is routed to one of up to five plug-in, 8.215-MHz crystal filters
(FL1-FL5). Following the crystal filters is the receive I.F. and second mixer, which mixes the 8.215 MHz down
to an I.F. of 15 kHz for use by the digital signal processor module (DSP). Excellent 2
nd
-I.F. image rejection is
obtained by cascading an additional crystal filter just ahead of the second mixer. There’s also a 15 kHz transmit
I.F., which is mixed up to 8.215 MHz on the KREF 3 module, which plugs in near the front-middle of the RF
board.
Support Circuitry
Several other modules plug into the RF board. The KPAIO3A, located at the back edge of the RF board, is a
vertically mounted board used as an interface between the RF board and the KPA3A 100-W amp module. It
provides current sensing, bypass relay, and other functions for the KPA3A, and eliminates the need for any
interconnecting cables. The KIO3B and KXV3B, in the back left corner, provide RF, audio, and digital I/O. The
main synthesizer, used for the main receiver as well as the transmitter, plugs in at front left and is attached to the
front shield. To the right of this is the reference oscillator module (KREF3), as well as the second synthesizer,
used for the sub receiver. These also attach to the front shield. The Front Panel/DSP module plugs in at the very
front of the RF board. Finally, at the far right you’ll find two low-noise linear voltage regulators, one for 5 volts
and the other 8 volts. Both are heat-sinked to the right side panel.
Noise Blanker
There are two noise blanker subsystems in the K3: the KNB3 module, and a DSP-based blanker (see DSP on
pg. 80). The KNB3 is a narrow I.F. pulse blanker that plugs into the RF board. Its broad input bandwidth
ensures minimum stretching of fast noise pulses, so it’s ideal for suppressing noise from power lines,
thunderstorms, and auto ignitions. The DSP blanker can be used on many other types of noise, including radar
and other noise with complex waveforms that might cause heavy intermodulation if an I.F. blanker were
engaged. Using the two blankers in combination is often extremely effective.
The KNB3 includes a triple-tuned bandpass/time-delay filter, wide-range AGC, and a noise gate. You can think
of the noise gate as a switch that is normally closed, allowing received signals to pass unimpeded. When a noise
pulse appears, it is amplified to a high level and used to trigger a one-shot circuit. This opens the noise gate very
briefly (from 5 to about 100 microseconds) to blank the noise pulse. Both the threshold at which blanking action
occurs and the length of time the gate is opened are under control of the operator.
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