List of Illustrations
ix
2 Front Panel Operation
Figure 2-1 Line voltage switch .................................................................................................................................... 2-2
Figure 2-A Input signal ................................................................................................................................................. 2-5
Figure 2-B Measurement on 20nA range ..................................................................................................................... 2-5
Figure 2-2 Bar graph (zero-at-left) multiple display .................................................................................................... 2-8
Figure 2-3 Zero-centered bar graph multiple display .................................................................................................. 2-8
Figure 2-4 Maximum and minimum multiple display ................................................................................................. 2-8
Figure 2-5 Input connector configurations ................................................................................................................ 2-10
Figure 2-6 Maximum input levels ............................................................................................................................. 2-10
Figure 2-7 Capacitor test circuit without protection .................................................................................................. 2-10
Figure 2-8 Capacitor test circuit with protection ....................................................................................................... 2-10
Figure 2-9 Force voltage measure current ................................................................................................................. 2-11
Figure 2-10 V-source output ........................................................................................................................................ 2-11
Figure 2-11 Noise shield .............................................................................................................................................. 2-12
Figure 2-12 Guard shield ............................................................................................................................................. 2-13
Figure 2-13 Safety shield ............................................................................................................................................. 2-13
Figure 2-14 Floating measurements ............................................................................................................................ 2-14
Figure 2-15 Floating V-source ..................................................................................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2-16 Test fixture to source voltage, measure current (resistance measurements) ............................................ 2-16
Figure 2-17 Multi-purpose test fixture ......................................................................................................................... 2-17
Figure 2-18 Interlock connections ............................................................................................................................... 2-17
Figure 2-19 Hard-wired interlock ................................................................................................................................ 2-18
Figure 2-20 Typical connections for unguarded voltage measurements ..................................................................... 2-19
Figure 2-21 Typical connections for guarded voltage measurements ......................................................................... 2-20
Figure 2-22 Meter loading ........................................................................................................................................... 2-23
Figure 2-23 Unguarded voltage measurements ........................................................................................................... 2-23
Figure 2-24 Guarded voltage measurements ............................................................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-25 Typical connections for current measurements ........................................................................................ 2-25
Figure 2-26 Connections for guarded, floating current measurements ........................................................................ 2-26
Figure 2-27 Voltage burden considerations ................................................................................................................. 2-29
Figure 2-28 Source resistance and capacitance ........................................................................................................... 2-30
Figure 2-29 High impedance current measurements ................................................................................................... 2-31
Figure 2-30 Floating current measurements ................................................................................................................ 2-31
Figure 2-31 Typical connections for resistance measurements ................................................................................... 2-34
Figure 2-32 Connections for resistance measurements using Model 8002A test fixture ............................................ 2-35
Figure 2-33 Surface resistivity measurement technique .............................................................................................. 2-36
Figure 2-34 Circular electrode dimensions .................................................................................................................. 2-37
Figure 2-35 Volume resistivity measurement technique ............................................................................................. 2-37
Figure 2-36 Connections for measurements using Model 8009 test fixture ................................................................ 2-39
Figure 2-37 Typical connections for charge measurements ........................................................................................ 2-44
Figure 2-38 V-source (independent configuration) ..................................................................................................... 2-47