Warning
Text marked Warning provides
information on risk of accident or injury.
Disregarding this information may lead
to injury.
Caution
Text marked Caution provides
information on possible damage to the
vehicle. Disregarding this information
may lead to vehicle damage.
Symbols
Environmental protection fea‐
ture
Page references are indicated with ⇨.
⇨ means "see page".
Page references and index entries refer
to the indented headings given in the
section table of content.
Propulsion types
Internal Combustion Engine vehicle (ICE)
An ICE vehicle is propelled by an internal
combustion engine - diesel or petrol -
only.
Hybrid 48 V Vehicle
A Hybrid 48 V vehicle is propelled by a
combination of an ICE and an electric
engine. The electric engine supports the
ICE but can also propell the vehicle by
itself. The 48 V battery is mainly charged
by engine braking.
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
A BEV is propelled by an electric engine
only.
The high voltage battery is charged using
a charging cable and additionally by
engine braking.
Introduction 3
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