B7. CASTER
Caster describes the angle of the front
steering block with respect to a line
perpendicular to the ground. Caster angle
affects on- and off-power steering, as it
tilts the chassis more or less depending on
how much caster is applied.
Less caster (more vertical)
• less caster spacers in front of
front upper wishbone
• decreases straight-line stability
More caster (more inclined)
• more caster spacers in front of front upper wishbone
• increases on-power steering at mid-corner and corner exit
• increases straight-line stability
• makes the car more stable through bumpy track conditions
B8. TOE
Toe is the angle of the wheels when looked at from above the car. When
the wheels are parallel with the centerline of the car, toe is 0° (neutral).
When the wheels are open towards the front,
this is called toe-out (negative value).
When the wheels are closed towards the
front, this is called toe-in (positive value).
Toe is used to stabalize the car at the
expense of traction, as it introduces friction
and therefore some slip in the tires.
Front wheels should be set to neutral or
toe-out. Rear wheels should have toe-in.
Increasing front toe (more front toe-in)
• makes car easier to drive
Decreasing front toe (more front toe-out)
• decreases understeer
• increases steering at corner entry
• faster steering response
• less stable under acceleration
• makes car more difcult to drive
Increasing rear toe (more rear toe-in)
• increases understeer
• more stable exiting on-power at corner exit and braking
• less chance of losing rear traction
• decreases top speed
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