installations also in switchyards with double-bus double-breaker and breaker-and-a-
half arrangement. The advantage of such schemes is that the unit protections cover also
for shunt faults in series capacitors and at the same time the voltage inversion does not
appear for faults on the protected line.
Many installations with line-end series capacitors have available voltage instrument
transformers on both sides. In such case it is recommended to use the VTs for each
particular protection function to best suit its specific characteristics and expectations on
dependability and security
. The line side VT can for example be used by the distance
protection and the bus side VT by the directional residual OC ground fault protection.
Apparent impedances and MOV influence
GUID-A0FBC954-D581-4B24-81CD-AD69661A020D v2
Series capacitors reduce due to their character the apparent impedance measured by
distance IEDs on protected power lines. Figure
115 presents typical locations of
capacitor banks on power lines together with corresponding compensation degrees.
Distance IED near the feeding bus will see in different cases fault on remote end bus
depending on type of overvoltage protection used on capacitor bank (spark gap or
MOV) and SC location on protected power line.
en06000612_ansi.vsd
~
E
A
0%
33%
50%
66%
K
C
=
80% 33 % 33%50 %
21
100 %
80 %
X
ANSI06000612 V1 EN-US
Figure 115: Typical locations of capacitor banks on series compensated line
Implementation of spark gaps for capacitor overvoltage protection makes the picture
relatively simple, because they either flash over or not. The apparent impedance
corresponds to the impedance of non-compensated line, as shown in figure
116 case
K
C
= 0%.
en06000613.vsd
jX
R
KC = 0%
KC = 80%
LOC = 0%
KC = 50%
LOC = 50%
jX
jX
R R
KC = 2 x 33%
LOC = 33%, 66%
KC = 80%
LOC = 100%
jX
jX
R R
IEC06000613 V1 EN-US
Figure 116: Apparent impedances seen by distance IED for different SC locations
and spark gaps used for overvoltage protection
1MRK 502 071-UUS A Section 8
Impedance protection
Generator protection REG670 2.2 ANSI and Injection equipment REX060, REX061, REX062 253
Application manual
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