Effectively grounded networks
M17048-38 v6
A network is defined as effectively
grounded if the ground-fault factor f
e
is less than
1.4. The ground-fault factor is defined according to equation
110.
ANSIEQUATION1268 V1 EN-US (Equation 110)
Where:
V
max
is the highest fundamental frequency voltage on one of the healthy phases at single
phase-to-ground fault.
V
pn
is the phase-to-ground fundamental frequency voltage before fault.
Another definition for effectively grounded network is when the following
relationships between the symmetrical components of the network impedances are
valid, see equation 111 and equation 112.
EQUATION2122 V1 EN-US (Equation 11
1)
EQUATION2123 V1 EN-US (Equation 112)
Where
R
0
is the zero sequence source resistance
X
0
is the zero sequence source reactance
R
1
is the positive sequence source resistance
X
1
is the positive sequence source reactance
The magnitude of the
ground-fault current in effectively grounded networks is high
enough for impedance measuring elements to detect
ground faults. However
, in the
same way as for solidlygrounded networks, distance protection has limited possibilities
to detect high resistance faults and should therefore always be complemented with
other protection function(s) that can carry out the fault clearance in this case.
High impedance grounded networks
M17048-57 v6
In high impedance networks, the neutral of the system transformers are connected to
the ground through high impedance, mostly a reactance in parallel with a high resistor.
1MRK 504 163-UUS A Section 8
Impedance protection
Transformer protection RET670 2.2 ANSI 259
Application manual
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