GE P645 - Chapter 12 Frequency Protection Functions

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CHAPTER 12

FREQUENCY PROTECTION FUNCTIONS

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Default Chapter3
- Table of Contents3
Chapter 1 Introduction25
- Rear Serial Port26
- Figure 137: TCS Scheme26
Chapter Overview27
- Cip27
Foreword28
- Target Audience28
- Typographical Conventions28
- Cip28
- Nomenclature29
- Cip29
Product Scope30
- Product Versions30
- Cip30
- Ordering Options31
- Figure 1: P64X Version Evolution31
Features and Functions32
- Protection Functions32
- Control Functions32
- Measurement Functions33
- Communication Functions33
Compliance34
Functional Overview35
- Figure 2: Functional Overview35
Chapter 2 Safety Information37
Chapter Overview39
Health and Safety40
Symbols41
Installation, Commissioning and Servicing42
- Lifting Hazards42
- Electrical Hazards42
- UL/CSA/CUL Requirements43
- Fusing Requirements43
- Equipment Connections44
- Protection Class 1 Equipment Requirements44
- Pre-Energisation Checklist45
- Peripheral Circuitry45
- Upgrading/Servicing46
Decommissioning and Disposal47
Standards Compliance48
- EMC Compliance: 2004/108/EC48
- Product Safety: 2006/95/EC48
- R&TTE Compliance48
- UL/CUL Compliance48
- ATEX Compliance48
Chapter 3 Hardware Design51
Chapter Overview53
Hardware Architecture54
- Figure 3: Hardware Architecture54
Mechanical Implementation55
- Housing Variants55
- Figure 4: Exploded View of IED55
- List of Boards56
Front Panel58
- Front Panel Compartments58
- Figure 5: Front Panel (60TE)58
- HMI Panel59
- Front Serial Port (SK1)59
- Figure 6: HMI Panel59
- Front Parallel Port (SK2)60
- Fixed Function Leds60
- Function Keys60
- Programable Leds61
Rear Panel62
- Figure 7: Rear View of Populated Case62
- Figure 8: Terminal Block Types63
Boards and Modules64
- Pcbs64
- Subassemblies64
- Figure 9: Rear Connection to Terminal Block64
- Main Processor Board65
- Figure 10: Main Processor Board65
- Power Supply Board66
- Figure 11: Power Supply Board66
- Figure 12: Power Supply Assembly67
- Watchdog68
- Figure 13: Power Supply Terminals68
- Rear Serial Port69
- Figure 14: Watchdog Contact Terminals69
- Input Module - 1 Transformer Board70
- Figure 15: Rear Serial Port Terminals70
- Figure 16: Input Module - 1 Transformer Board70
- Input Module Circuit Description71
- Figure 17: Input Module Schematic71
- Frequency Response72
- Figure 18: Frequency Response72
- Transformer Board73
- Figure 19: Transformer Board73
- Input Board74
- Figure 20: Input Board74
- Standard Output Relay Board75
- Figure 21: Standard Output Relay Board - 8 Contacts75
- IRIG-B Board76
- Figure 22: IRIG-B Board76
- Fibre Optic Board77
- Figure 23: Fibre Optic Board77
- Rear Communication Board78
- Ethernet Board78
- Figure 24: Rear Communication Board78
- Figure 25: Ethernet Board78
- Redundant Ethernet Board80
- Figure 26: Redundant Ethernet Board80
- RTD Board82
- Figure 27: RTD Board82
- CLIO Board83
- Figure 28: RTD Board83
- High Break Output Relay Board85
- Figure 29: High Break Relay Output Board85
- Figure 30: High Break Contact Operation86
Chapter 4 Software Design87
Chapter Overview89
Sofware Design Overview90
- Figure 31: Software Architecture90
System Level Software91
- Real Time Operating System91
- System Services Software91
- Self-Diagnostic Software91
- Startup Self-Testing91
- System Boot91
- System Level Software Initialisation92
- Platform Software Initialisation and Monitoring92
- Continuous Self-Testing92
Platform Software94
- Record Logging94
- Settings Database94
- Interfaces94
Protection and Control Functions95
- Acquisition of Samples95
- Frequency Tracking95
- Direct Use of Sample Values95
- Fourier Signal Processing95
- Programmable Scheme Logic96
- Figure 32: Frequency Response (Indicative Only)96
- Event Recording97
- Disturbance Recorder97
- Fault Locator97
- Function Key Interface97
Chapter 5 Configuration99
Chapter Overview101
Using the HMI Panel102
- Navigating the HMI Panel103
- Getting Started103
- Figure 33: Navigating the HMI103
- Default Display104
- Default Display Navigation105
- Figure 34: Default Display Navigation105
- Password Entry106
- Processing Alarms and Records106
- Menu Structure107
- Changing the Settings108
- Direct Access (the Hotkey Menu)109
- Setting Group Selection Using Hotkeys109
- Control Inputs109
- Function Keys110
Configuring the Data Protocols112
- Courier Configuration112
- DNP3 Configuration113
- DNP3 Configurator114
- MODBUS Configuration116
- IEC 61850 Configuration117
- IEC 61850 Configuration Banks118
- IEC 61850 Network Connectivity118
Date and Time Configuration119
- Time Zone Compensation119
- Daylight Saving Time Compensation119
Phase Rotation120
- CT and VT Reversal120
Chapter 6 Transformer Differential Protection121
Chapter Overview123
Transformer Differential Protection Principles124
- Through Fault Stability124
- Bias Current Compensation124
- Three-Phase Transformer Connection Types125
- Figure 35: Compensation Using Biased Differential Characteristic125
- Figure 36: Transformer Winding Connections - Part 1127
- Phase and Amplitude Compensation128
- Figure 37: Transformer Winding Connections - Part 2128
- Zero Sequence Filtering129
- Magnetising Inrush Restraint129
- Figure 38: Magnetising Inrush Phenomenon129
- Overfluxing Restraint130
- Figure 39: Typical Overflux Current Waveform130
Implementation131
- Defining the Power Transformer131
- Selecting the Current Inputs131
- Phase Correction132
- Ratio Correction132
- CT Parameter Mismatch133
- Figure 40: CT Parameter Mismatch Logic Diagram133
- Setting up Zero Sequence Filtering134
- Tripping Characteristics134
- High-Set Function135
- Circuitry Fail Alarm135
- Figure 41: Transformer Biased Tripping Characteristic135
- Tripping Characteristic Stability136
- Maximum Bias136
- Delayed Bias136
- Transient Bias136
- CT Saturation Technique137
- No Gap Detection Technique137
- External Fault Detection Technique137
- Figure 42: Transient Bias Characteristic137
- Current Transformer Supervision138
- Figure 43: Time to Saturation - External an Fault138
- Circuitry Fail Alarm139
- Figure 44: Effect of CTS Restrain139
- Figure 45: Bias Characteristic with Circuitry Fail Alarm139
- Differential Biased Trip Logic140
- Figure 46: Differential Biased Trip Logic140
Harmonic Blocking141
- 2Nd Harmonic Blocking141
- Figure 47: 2Nd Harmonic Blocking Process141
- 2Nd Harmonic Blocking Logic142
- 5Th Harmonic Blocking Implementation142
- Figure 48: 2Nd Harmonic Blocking Logic142
- 5Th Harmonic Setting Guideline143
- Geomagnetic Disturbances143
- Overall Harmonic Blocking Logic143
- Figure 49: 5Th Harmonic Blocking Process143
- Figure 50: Differential Protection Blocking Mechanisms144
Application Notes145
- Setting Guidelines145
- Example 1: Two-Winding Transformer - no Tap Changer146
- Figure 51: Triple Slope Characteristic146
- Figure 52: P642 Used to Protect a Two Winding Transformer146
- Example 2: Autotransformer with Loaded Delta Winding148
- Figure 53: P645 Used to Protect an Autotransformer with Loaded Delta Winding149
- Example 3: Autotransformer with Unloaded Delta Winding151
- Figure 54: P643 Used to Protect an Autotransformer with Unloaded Delta Winding152
- Figure 55: Unloaded Delta - Current Distribution153
- Setting Guidelines for Short-Interconnected Biased Differential Protection154
- Figure 56: Single Bus Differential Protection Zone155
- Setting Guidelines for Shunt Reactor Biased Differential Protection157
- Figure 57: Busbar Biased Differential Protection157
- Figure 58: Shunt Reactor Single Line Diagram158
- Setting Guidelines for Using Spare CT Inputs159
- Setting Guidelines for Reference Vector Group160
- Figure 59: P643 Using Spare CT Input for Overcurrent Protection160
- Stub Bus Application161
- Stub Bus Implementation161
- Figure 60: Stub Bus Arrangement161
- Stub Bus Scheme162
- Transformer Differential Protection CT Requirements162
- CT Requirements - Transformer Application162
- Figure 61: Stub Bus Scheme Logic162
- CT Requirements - Small Busbar Application163
Chapter 7 Transformer Condition Monitoring165
Chapter Overview167
Thermal Overload Protection168
- Thermal Overload Implementation168
- Figure 62: Transformer Losses168
- Thermal Overload Bias Current169
- The Thermal Model170
- Top Oil Temperature Caculations170
- Hotspot Caculations170
- Thermal State Measurement171
- Application Notes171
- Alstom Recommendations171
- IEEE Recommendations171
- Data Provided by Transformer Manufacturers172
Loss of Life Statistics174
- Loss of Life Implementation174
- Loss of Life Calculations174
- Application Notes176
- LOL Setting Guidelines176
- Example176
Through Fault Monitoring178
- Through Fault Monitoring Implementation178
- Through Fault Monitoring Logic179
- Application Notes179
- TFM Setting Guidelines179
  - Figure 63: Through-Fault Alarm Logic179
  - Through Fault Monitoring179
- Figure 64: P645 Used to Protect an Autotransformer with Loaded Delta Winding180
RTD Protection181
- RTD Protection Implementation181
- Figure 65: Connection for RTD Thermal Probes181
- RTD Logic182
- Application Notes182
- Setting Guidelines for RTD Protection182
- Figure 66: RTD Logic182
CLIO Protection183
- Current Loop Input Implementation183
- Figure 67: Current Loop Input Ranges184
- Current Loop Input Logic185
- CLO Implementation185
- Figure 68: Current Loop Input Logic185
- Figure 69: Current Loop Output Ranges186
- Application Notes187
- CLI Setting Guidelines187
- CLO Setting Guidelines187
Chapter 8 Restricted Earth Fault Protection189
Chapter Overview191
REF Protection Principles192
- Figure 70: REF Protection for Delta Side192
- Figure 71: REF Protection for Star Side192
- Resistance-Earthed Star Windings193
- Solidly-Earthed Star Windings193
- Figure 72: REF Protection for Resistance-Earthed Systems193
- Figure 73: REF Protection for Solidly Earthed System193
- Through Fault Stability194
- Restricted Earth Fault Types194
- Low Impedance REF Principle194
- High Impedance REF Principle195
- Figure 74: Low Impedance REF Connection195
- Figure 75: Three-Slope REF Bias Characteristic195
- Figure 76: High Impedance REF Principle196
- Figure 77: High Impedance REF Connection196
Restricted Earth Fault Protection Implementation197
- Enabling REF Protection197
- Selecting the Current Inputs197
- Low Impedance REF198
- Setting the Bias Characteristic198
- Figure 78: REF Bias Characteristic198
- Delayed Bias199
- Transient Bias199
- Restricted Earth Fault Logic199
- High Impedance REF199
- Figure 79: Low Impedance Restricted Earth Fault Logic199
- High Impedance REF Calculation Principles200
Second Harmonic Blocking201
- REF 2Nd Harmonic Blocking Logic201
- Figure 80: REF 2Nd Harmonic Blocking Logic201
Application Notes202
- Star Winding Resistance Earthed202
- Figure 81: Star Winding, Resistance Earthed202
- Figure 82: Percentage of Winding Protected202
- Low Impedance REF Protection Application203
- Setting Guidelines for Biased Operation203
- Low Impedance REF Scaling Factor203
- Parameter Calculations203
- Figure 83: Low Impedance REF Scaling Factor203
- Dual CB Application with Different Phase CT Ratios204
- Figure 84: Low-Z REF for Dual CB Application with Different Phase CT Ratios204
- Dual CB Application with same Phase CT Ratios205
- CT Requirements - Low Impedance REF205
- Figure 85: Low-Z REF for Dual CB Application with same Phase CT Ratios205
- High Impedance REF Protection Application207
- High Impedance REF Operating Modes207
- Figure 86: Hi-Z REF Protection for a Grounded Star Winding208
- Figure 87: Hi-Z REF Protection for a Delta Winding208
- Setting Guidelines for High Impedance Operation209
- Figure 88: Hi-Z REF Protection for Autotransformer Configuration209
- Figure 89: High Impedance REF for the LV Winding209
- Use of Metrosil Non-Linear Resistors211
- CT Requirements - High Impedance REF213
- Figure 90: High Impedance REF CT Requirement214
Chapter 9 Current Protection Functions215
Chapter Overview217
Overcurrent Protection Principles218
- IDMT Characteristics218
- IEC 60255 IDMT Curves219
- European Standards220
- Figure 91: IEC 60255 IDMT Curves220
- North American Standards222
- Differences between the North American and European Standards223
- Principles of Implementation223
- Figure 92: Principle of Protection Function Implementation223
- Timer Hold Facility224
- Magnetising Inrush Restraint224
- Figure 93: Magnetising Inrush Phenomenon225
Phase Overcurrent Protection226
- Phase Overcurrent Protection for Power Transformers226
- Phase Overcurrent Protection Implementation226
- Selecting the Current Inputs227
- Non-Directional Overcurrent Logic228
- Figure 94: Non-Directional Overcurrent Logic Diagram228
- Directional Element229
- Implementing Directionalisation229
- Directional Overcurrent Logic231
- Application Notes231
- Setting Guidelines231
- Figure 95: Directional Overcurrent Logic Diagram231
- Parallel Feeders233
- Figure 96: Typical Distribution System Using Parallel Transformers233
Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Element234
- Current Setting Threshold Selection234
- VCO Implementation234
- Figure 97: Selecting the Current Threshold Setting234
- Figure 98: Modification of Current Pickup Level for Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Protection235
Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection236
- NPSOC Protection Implementation236
- Non-Directional NPSOC Logic236
- Figure 99: Negative Sequence Overcurrent Logic - Non-Directional Operation236
- Directional Element237
- Directional NPSOC Logic237
- Figure 100: Negative Phase Equence Overcurrent Logic - Directional Operation237
- Application Notes238
- Setting Guidelines (General)238
- Setting Guidelines (Current Threshold)238
- Setting Guidelines (Time Delay)238
- Setting Guidelines (Directional Element)238
Earth Fault Protection240
- Earth Fault Protection Elements240
- Non-Directional Earth Fault Logic241
- IDG Curve241
- Figure 101: Non-Directional EF Logic (Single Stage)241
- Directional Element242
- Residual Voltage Polarisation242
- Figure 102: IDG Characteristic242
- Negative Sequence Polarisation243
- Figure 103: Directional EF Logic with Neutral Voltage Polarization (Single Stage)243
- Application Notes244
- Setting Guidelines (Non-Directional)244
- Figure 104: Directional Earth Fault Logic with Negative Phase Sequence Polarisation244
- Setting Guidelines (Directional Element)245
Second Harmonic Blocking246
- Second Harmonic Blocking Implementation246
- Second Harmonic Blocking Logic247
- EF Second Harmonic Blocking Logic247
- Application Notes247
- Setting Guidelines247
- Figure 105: Phase Overcurrent 2Nd Harmonic Blocking Logic247
- Figure 106: Earth Fault 2Nd Harmonic Blocking Logic247
Chapter 10 CB Fail Protection249
Chapter Overview251
Circuit Breaker Fail Protection252
Circuit Breaker Fail Implementation253
- Circuit Breaker Fail Timers253
- Zero Crossing Detection254
Circuit Breaker Fail Logic255
- Figure 107: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part 1255
- Figure 108: Circuit Breaker Fail Logic - Part 2256
Application Notes257
- Reset Mechanisms for CB Fail Timers257
- Setting Guidelines (CB Fail Timer)257
- Setting Guidelines (Undercurrent)258
- Figure 109: CB Fail Timing258
Chapter 11 Voltage Protection Functions259
Chapter Overview261
Undervoltage Protection262
- Undervoltage Protection Implementation262
- Undervoltage Protection Logic263
- Figure 110: Undervoltage - Single and Three Phase Tripping Mode (Single Stage)263
- Application Notes264
- Undervoltage Setting Guidelines264
Overvoltage Protection265
- Overvoltage Protection Implementation265
- Overvoltage Protection Logic266
- Application Notes266
- Overvoltage Setting Guidelines266
- Figure 111: Overvoltage - Single and Three Phase Tripping Mode (Single Stage)266
Residual Overvoltage Protection268
- Residual Overvoltage Protection Implementation268
- Residual Overvoltage Logic269
- Application Notes269
- Calculation for Solidly Earthed Systems269
- Figure 112: Residual Overvoltage Logic269
- Calculation for Impedance Earthed Systems270
- Figure 113: Residual Voltage for a Solidly Earthed System270
- Setting Guidelines271
- Figure 114: Residual Voltage for an Impedance Earthed System271
Negative Sequence Overvoltage Protection272
- Negative Sequence Overvoltage Implementation272
- Negative Sequence Overvoltage Logic272
- Application Notes272
- Setting Guidelines272
- Figure 115: Negative Sequence Overvoltage Logic272
Chapter 12 Frequency Protection Functions275
Chapter Overview277
Overfluxing Protection278
- Overfluxing Protection Implementation278
- Time-Delayed Overfluxing Protection279
- Figure 116: Variable Time Overfluxing Protection Characteristic279
- 5Th Harmonic Blocking280
- Overfluxing Protection Logic280
- Figure 117: Overfluxing Reset Characteristic280
- Figure 118: 5Th Harmonic Blocking Time Delay in PSL280
- Application Notes281
- Overfluxing Protection Setting Guidelines281
- Figure 119: Overfluxing Protection Logic281
- Figure 120: Multi-Stage Overfluxing Characteristic282
- Figure 121: Scheme Logic for Multi-Stage Overfluxing Characteristic282
Frequency Protection283
- Underfrequency Protection283
- Underfrequency Protection Implementation283
- Underfrequency Protection Logic283
- Figure 122: Underfrequency Logic (Single Stage)283
- Application Notes284
- Overfrequency Protection284
- Overfrequency Protection Implementation284
- Overfrequency Protection Logic284
- Figure 123: Overfrequency Logic (Single Stage)284
- Application Notes285
Chapter 13 Monitoring and Control287
Chapter Overview289
Event Records290
- Event Types290
- Opto-Input Events291
- Contact Events291
- Alarm Events291
- Fault Record Events295
- Maintenance Events295
- Figure 124: Fault Recorder Stop Conditions295
- Protection Events296
- Security Events296
- Platform Events296
Disturbance Recorder297
Measurements298
- Measured Quantities298
- Measured and Calculated Currents298
- Measured and Calculated Voltages298
- Power and Energy Quantities298
- Demand Values299
- Other Measurements299
- Measurement Setup299
- Opto-Input Time Stamping299
Current Input Exclusion Function300
- Current Input Exclusion Logic300
- Application Notes300
- Current Input Exclusion Example300
- Figure 125: CT Exclusion Logic300
- Figure 126: CT Input Exclusion - 1.5 CB Application301
- Figure 127: CT Input Exclusion - Auxiliary Contact Connection301
Pole Dead Function302
- Pole Dead Function Implementation302
- Pole Dead Logic303
- Figure 128: Pole Dead Logic - P642303
- CB Status Indication304
- Figure 129: Pole Dead Logic - P643 and P645304
- Figure 130: Forcing CB Closed Signals305
Chapter 14 Supervision307
Chapter Overview309
Voltage Transformer Supervision310
- Loss of One or Two Phase Voltages310
- Loss of All Three Phase Voltages310
- Absence of All Three Phase Voltages on Line Energisation310
- VTS Implementation311
- VTS Logic312
- Figure 131: VTS Logic (P642 with 2 Single-Phase Vts)312
- Figure 132: VTS Logic (P643 and P645 with 3-Phase Vts)313
Current Transformer Supervision315
- CTS Implementation315
- Figure 133: CTS Restraint Region Increase315
- CTS Logic316
- Figure 134: CTS Logic Diagram316
- Application Notes317
- Setting Guidelines317
Trip Circuit Supervision318
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme318
- Resistor Values318
- Figure 135: TCS Scheme 1318
- Psl for Tcs Scheme 1319
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme319
- Figure 136: PSL for TCS Scheme 1319
- Resistor Values320
- Psl for Tcs Scheme 2320
- Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme320
- Figure 138: PSL for TCS Scheme 2320
- Figure 139: TCS Scheme 3320
- Resistor Values321
- Psl for Tcs Scheme 3321
- Figure 140: PSL for TCS Scheme 3321
Chapter 15 Digital I/O and PSL Configuration323
Chapter Overview325
Configuring Digital Inputs and Outputs326
Scheme Logic327
- Figure 141: Scheme Logic Interfaces327
- PSL Editor328
- PSL Schemes328
- PSL Scheme Version Control328
Configuring the Opto-Inputs329
Assigning the Output Relays330
Fixed Function Leds331
- Trip LED Logic331
- Figure 142: Trip LED Logic331
Configuring Programmable Leds332
Function Keys334
Control Inputs335
Chapter 16 Communications337
Chapter Overview339
Communication Interfaces340
Serial Communication341
- EIA(RS)232 Bus341
- EIA(RS)485 Bus341
- EIA(RS)485 Biasing Requirements342
- K-Bus342
- Figure 143: RS485 Biasing Circuit342
- Figure 144: Remote Communication Using K-Bus343
Standard Ethernet Communication344
- Hot-Standby Ethernet Failover344
Redundant Ethernet Communication345
- Supported Protocols345
- Parallel Redundancy Protocol346
- Figure 145: IED Attached to Separate Lans346
- Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol347
- Self Healing Protocol347
- Figure 146: IED Attached to Redundant Ethernet Star or Ring Circuit347
- Figure 147: IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switch with Self Healing Ring Facilities348
- Figure 148: Redundant Ethernet Ring Architecture with IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switches348
- Figure 149: Redundant Ethernet Ring Architecture with IED, Bay Computer and Ethernet Switches348
- Dual Homing Protocol349
- Figure 150: Dual Homing Mechanism349
- Redundant Ethernet Configuration350
- Figure 151: Application of Dual Homing Star at Substation Level350
- Figure 152: IED and REB Switch IP Address Configuration351
- Figure 153: DIP Switches for Setting IP Address351
- Setting the NIC IP Address352
- Setting the Switch IP Address352
Data Protocols353
- Courier353
- Physical Connection and Link Layer353
- Courier Database354
- Settings Categories354
- Setting Changes354
- Event Extraction354
- Disturbance Record Extraction356
- Programmable Scheme Logic Settings356
- Time Synchronisation356
- Courier Configuration357
- Physical Connection and Link Layer358
- Iec 60870-5-103358
- Initialisation359
- Time Synchronisation359
- Spontaneous Events359
- General Interrogation (GI)359
- Cyclic Measurements359
- Commands359
- Test Mode360
- Disturbance Records360
- Command/Monitor Blocking360
- IEC 60870-5-103 Configuration360
- Dnp361
- Physical Connection and Link Layer362
- Object 1 Binary Inputs362
- Object 10 Binary Outputs362
- Object 20 Binary Counters363
- Object 30 Analogue Input363
- Figure 154: Control Input Behaviour363
- Object 40 Analogue Output364
- Object 50 Time Synchronisation364
- DNP3 Device Profile364
- DNP3 Configuration372
- Modbus373
- Physical Connection and Link Layer374
- MODBUS Functions374
- Response Codes374
- Register Mapping375
- Event Extraction375
- Disturbance Record Extraction376
- Figure 155: Manual Selection of a Disturbance Record379
- Figure 156: Automatic Selection of Disturbance Record - Method 1380
- Figure 157: Automatic Selection of Disturbance Record - Method 2381
- Figure 158: Configuration File Extraction382
- Figure 159: Data File Extraction383
- Setting Changes384
- Password Protection384
- Protection and Disturbance Recorder Settings384
- Time Synchronisation385
- Power and Energy Measurement Data Formats386
- MODBUS Configuration387
- Iec 61850388
- Benefits of IEC 61850388
- IEC 61850 Interoperability389
- The IEC 61850 Data Model389
- Figure 160: Data Model Layers in IEC61850389
- IEC 61850 in Micom Ieds390
- IEC 61850 Data Model Implementation390
- IEC 61850 Communication Services Implementation390
- IEC 61850 Peer-To-Peer (GOOSE) Communications391
- Mapping GOOSE Messages to Virtual Inputs391
- Ethernet Functionality391
- IEC 61850 Configuration391
Read Only Mode393
- Courier Protocol Blocking393
- IEC 61850 Protocol Blocking394
- Read-Only Settings394
- Read-Only DDB Signals394
Time Synchronisation395
- Demodulated IRIG-B395
- IRIG-B Implementation395
- Figure 161: GPS Satellite Timing Signal395
- Sntp396
- Time Synchronsiation Using the Communication Protocols396
Chapter 17 Cyber-Security397
Overview399
The Need for Cyber-Security400
Standards401
- NERC Compliance401
- Cip 002402
- Cip 007403
- Ieee 1686-2007403
Cyber-Security Implementation405
- NERC-Compliant Display405
- Four-Level Access406
- Figure 162: Default Display Navigation406
- Blank Passwords407
- Password Rules407
- Access Level Ddbs408
- Enhanced Password Security408
- Password Strengthening408
- Password Validation408
- Password Blocking409
- Password Recovery410
- Password Encryption411
- Disabling Physical Ports411
- Disabling Logical Ports411
- Security Events Management412
- Logging out414
Chapter 18 Installation415
Chapter Overview417
Handling the Goods418
- Receipt of the Goods418
- Unpacking the Goods418
- Storing the Goods418
- Dismantling the Goods418
Mounting the Device419
- Flush Panel Mounting419
- Figure 163: Location of Battery Isolation Strip419
- Rack Mounting420
- Figure 164: Rack Mounting of Products420
Cables and Connectors422
- Terminal Blocks422
- Figure 165: Terminal Block Types422
- Power Supply Connections423
- Earth Connnection423
- Current Transformers423
- Voltage Transformer Connections424
- Watchdog Connections424
- EIA(RS)485 and K-Bus Connections424
- IRIG-B Connection424
- Opto-Input Connections424
- Output Relay Connections424
- Ethernet Metallic Connections425
- Ethernet Fibre Connections425
- RS232 Connection425
- Download/Monitor Port425
- GPS Fibre Connection425
- Fibre Communication Connections425
- RTD Connections426
- CLIO Connections427
Case Dimensions428
- Case Dimensions 40TE428
- Figure 166: 40TE Case Dimensions428
- Case Dimensions 60TE429
- Figure 167: 60TE Case Dimensions429
- Case Dimensions 80TE430
- Figure 168: 80TE Case Dimensions430
Chapter 19 Commissioning Instructions431
Chapter Overview433
General Guidelines434
Commissioning Test Menu435
- Opto I/P Status Cell (Opto-Input Status)435
- Relay O/P Status Cell (Relay Output Status)435
- Test Mode Cell435
- Test Pattern Cell436
- Contact Test Cell436
- Test Leds Cell436
- Red and Green LED Status Cells436
- PSL Verificiation436
- Test Port Status Cell436
- Monitor Bit 1 to 8 Cells436
- Using a Monitor Port Test Box437
Commissioning Equipment438
- Recommended Commissioning Equipment438
- Essential Commissioning Equipment438
- Advisory Test Equipment439
Product Checks440
- Product Checks with the IED De-Energised440
- Visual Inspection441
- Current Transformer Shorting Contacts441
- Insulation441
- External Wiring441
- Watchdog Contacts442
- Power Supply442
- Product Checks with the IED Energised442
- Test LCD443
- Date and Time443
- Test Leds444
- Test Alarm and Out-Of-Service Leds444
- Test Trip LED444
- Test User-Programmable Leds444
- Test Opto-Inputs444
- Test Output Relays444
- RTD Inputs445
- Current Loop Outputs445
- Current Loop Inputs445
- Test Serial Communication Port RP1446
- Figure 169: RP1 Physical Connection446
- Test Serial Communication Port RP2447
- Figure 170: Remote Communication Using K-Bus447
- Test Ethernet Communication448
- Secondary Injection Tests448
- Test Current Inputs448
- Test Voltage Inputs449
Setting Checks450
- Apply Application-Specific Settings450
- Transferring Settings from a Settings File450
- Entering Settings Using the HMI450
Checking the Differential Element452
- Using the Omicron Advanced Module452
- Figure 171: Operating Characteristic Diagram453
- Figure 172: Trip Time Test Plane453
- Figure 173: Harmonic Restraint Test Plane454
Protection Timing Checks455
- Bypassing the All Pole Dead Blocking Condition455
- Overcurrent Check455
- Connecting the Test Circuit455
- Performing the Test455
- Check the Operating Time455
Onload Checks457
- Confirm Current Connections457
- Confirm Voltage Connections457
- On-Load Directional Test458
Final Checks459
Chapter 20 Maintenance and Troubleshooting461
Chapter Overview463
Maintenance464
- Maintenance Checks464
- Alarms464
- Opto-Isolators464
- Output Relays464
- Measurement Accuracy464
- Replacing the Device465
- Repairing the Device466
- Removing the Front Panel466
- Figure 174: Possible Terminal Block Types466
- Replacing Pcbs467
- Replacing the Main Processor Board467
- Replacement of Communications Boards468
- Figure 175: Front Panel Assembly468
- Replacement of the Input Module469
- Replacement of the Power Supply Board469
- Replacement of the I/O Boards470
- Recalibration470
- Changing the Battery470
- Post Modification Tests471
- Battery Disposal471
- Cleaning471
Troubleshooting472
- Self-Diagnostic Software472
- Power-Up Errors472
- Error Message or Code on Power-Up472
- Out of Service LED on at Power-Up473
- Error Code During Operation474
- Backup Battery474
- Mal-Operation During Testing474
- Failure of Output Contacts474
- Failure of Opto-Inputs474
- Incorrect Analogue Signals475
- PSL Editor Troubleshooting475
- Diagram Reconstruction475
- PSL Version Check475
Repair and Modification Procedure476
Chapter 21 Technical Specifications477
Chapter Overview479
Interfaces480
- Front Serial Port480
- Download/Monitor Port480
- Rear Serial Port480
- Fibre Rear Serial Port480
- IRIG-B (Demodulated)481
- IRIG-B (Modulated)481
- Rear Ethernet Port Copper481
- Rear Serial Port 2481
- Rear Ethernet Port Fibre482
- 100 Base Fx Receiver Characteristics482
- 100 Base Fx Transmitter Characteristics482
Performance of Transformer Differential Protection and Monitoring Functions483
- Transformer Differential Protection483
- Matching Factors483
- Circuitry Fault Alarm483
- Through Fault Monitoring484
- Thermal Overload484
- Low Impedance Restricted Earth Fault484
- High Impedance Restricted Earth Fault484
Performance of Current Protection Functions485
- Transient Overreach and Overshoot485
- Three-Phase Overcurrent Protection485
- Three-Phase Overcurrent Directional Parameters485
- Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Protection485
- Earth Fault Protection486
- Earth Fault Directional Parameters486
- Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection486
- NPSOC Directional Parameters486
- Circuit Breaker Fail Protection487
Performance of Voltage Protection Functions488
- Undervoltage Protection (P643/5)488
- Overvoltage Protection488
- Residual Overvoltage Protection (P643/5)488
- Negative Sequence Voltage Protection488
Performance of Frequency Protection Functions489
- Overfrequency Protection489
- Underfrequency Protection489
- Overfluxing Protection489
Performance of Monitoring and Control Functions490
- Voltage Transformer Supervision490
- Current Transformer Supervision490
- Pole Dead Protection490
- PSL Timers491
Measurements and Recording492
- General492
- Disturbance Records492
- Event, Fault and Maintenance Records492
- Current Loop Inputs/Outputs492
Standards Compliance494
- EMC Compliance: 2004/108/EC494
- Product Safety: 2006/95/EC494
- R&TTE Compliance494
- UL/CUL Compliance494
- ATEX Compliance494
- IDMT Standards495
Mechanical Specifications496
- Physical Parameters496
- Enclosure Protection496
- Mechanical Robustness496
- Transit Packaging Performance496
Ratings497
- AC Measuring Inputs497
- Current Transformer Inputs497
- Voltage Transformer Inputs497
Power Supply498
- Auxiliary Supply Voltage498
- Nominal Burden498
- Power Supply Interruption498
- Battery Backup499
Input / Output Connections500
- Isolated Digital Inputs500
- Nominal Pickup and Reset Thresholds500
- Standard Output Contacts500
- High Break Output Contacts501
- Watchdog Contacts501
Environmental Conditions502
- Ambient Temperature Range502
- Temperature Endurance Test502
- Ambient Humidity Range502
- Corrosive Environments502
Type Tests503
- Insulation503
- Creepage Distances and Clearances503
- High Voltage (Dielectric) Withstand503
- Impulse Voltage Withstand Test503
Electromagnetic Compatibility504
- Mhz Burst High Frequency Disturbance Test504
- Damped Oscillatory Test504
- Immunity to Electrostatic Discharge504
- Electrical Fast Transient or Burst Requirements504
- Surge Withstand Capability504
- Surge Immunity Test505
- Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Energy505
- Radiated Immunity from Digital Communications505
- Radiated Immunity from Digital Radio Telephones505
- Immunity to Conducted Disturbances Induced by Radio Frequency Fields505
- Magnetic Field Immunity506
- Conducted Emissions506
- Radiated Emissions506
- Power Frequency506
Appendix A Ordering Options507
Appendix B Settings and Signals509
Appendix C Wiring Diagrams515

GE P645 - Chapter 12 Frequency Protection Functions

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