Chapter
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
Chapters in this manual:
The SPECS PHOIBOS hemispherical electrostatic energy analyzer allows recording of en-
ergy spectra for negative particles (electrons) and positive particles (ions) in the kinetic
energy range from 0 eV to 3.5 keV.
The PHOIBOS series of hemispherical analyzers are hemispherical deflectors available in
two sizes, 100mm or 150 mm mean radii. The input lens is designed to accommodate a
wide range of applications.
The analyzer can be equipped with single-channel and optional multichannel detectors;
a 5-channel detector for the PHOIBOS 100 and a 9-channel detector for the PHOIBOS
150. The detection electronics incorporates a discriminator, preamplifier, counter and
PHOIBOS 1
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