Waters 2998 - Page 11

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Table of Contents xi

Wavelength selection for chromophore detection......................................... C-13

Mobile phase absorbance............................................................................... C-14

Index ..................................................................................................... Index-1

Main Page

Copyright Notice2
Trademarks2
Customer Comments3
Safety Considerations3
Safety Advisories4
Operating this Instrument4
Audience and Purpose4
Intended Use of the 2998 Photodiode Array Detector5
Calibrating5
ISM Classification5
ISM Classification: ISM Group 1 Class B5
EC Authorized Representative6
Table of Contents7
2998 PDA Detector Optics Principles13
Detector Optics14
Calculating Absorbance15
Flow Cell Operating Principles16
Resolving Spectral Data17
Measuring Light at the Photodiode Array18
Optimizing the Signal-To-Noise Ratio19
Optimizing Filter Constants19
Selecting the Appropriate Sampling Rate19
Computing Absorbance Data Points21
Dark Current21
Reference Spectrum21
Data Averaging21
Filtering Data24
Reference Wavelength Compensation25
Setting up the Detector27
Before You Begin28
Unpacking and Inspecting28
Laboratory Site Selection29
Detector Dimensions30
Connecting to the Electricity Source30
Making Signal Connections31
Connecting the Ethernet Cable32
Network Installation Guidelines33
Connecting to Other Instruments34
Plumbing the Detector42
Making the Gas Supply Connection44
Starting up and Shutting down the Detector44
Starting up the Detector45
Monitoring Detector Leds46
Shutting down the Detector47
Using a Cuvette47
Maintaining the Detector52
Contacting Waters Technical Service52
Maintenance Considerations52
Safety and Handling52
Spare Parts53
Routine Maintenance53
Maintaining the Flow Cell54
Flushing the Flow Cell54
Replacing the Flow Cell55
Replacing the Lamp57
Replacing the Fuses60
Diagnostic Tests and Troubleshooting64
Diagnostic Tests64
Verifying Detector Calibration64
Reading Lamp Energy65
Performing the Erbium Calibration65
Reading the Calibration Constants66
Displaying PDA Detector Rear Panel Interface Connections66
Changing the Rear Panel Interface Connections67
General Troubleshooting68
Power Surges68
Clearing Bubbles from the Flow Cell69
Detector Troubleshooting69
Spectral Contrast Theory74
Comparing Absorbance Spectra74
Representing Spectra as Vectors74
Vectors Derived from Two Wavelengths75
Vectors Derived from Multiple Wavelengths76
Spectral Contrast Angles76
Undesirable Effects79
Detector Noise80
Photometric Error80
Solvent Changes80
Threshold Angle80
A Safety Advisories84
Warning Symbols84
Task-Specific Hazard Warnings84
Specific Warnings85
Caution Symbol87
Warnings that Apply to All Waters Instruments88
Electrical and Handling Symbols94
Electrical Symbols94
Handling Symbols95
B Specifications97
C Solvent Considerations101
Introduction102
Clean Solvents102
Solvent Quality102
Preparation Checklist102
Water102
Using Buffers102
Tetrahydrofuran103
Solvent Miscibility105
How to Use Miscibility Numbers105
Buffered Solvents106
Head Height106
Minimum Tubing Bend Radius Recommendations106
Solvent Viscosity107
Mobile Phase Solvent Degassing107
Gas Solubility107
Solvent Degassing Methods108
Sparging109
Vacuum Degassing109
Solvent Degassing Considerations109
Wavelength Selection110
UV Cutoffs for Common Solvents110
Mixed Mobile Phases112

Waters 2998 - Page 11

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