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play-back reliability of recordable CDs, which are actually described
in the Orange Book.
15.2.1 Red Book
The first CD standard was known by the name "Compact Disc
Digital Audio" (CD-DA). It describes the way music CDs, which may
be played back by typical CD players, are produced.
However, even the name "Compact Disc Digital Audio" is not exactly
correct. Among other things, the fundamental structural principles of
all CDs and their corresponding play-back devices are described in
this standard. This is because the structure and the essential
elements of all CD formats are the same.
The Red Book defines the scan system at its lowest level, building
from there to the EFM (Eight-to-Fourteen-Modulation) modulation
process, a method for the synchronization and storing of control
information (the length of the title, for example) and the CIRC (Cross
Interleave Reed-Solomon Code) procedure for correcting errors.
With the help of this process, the CD can even be played back when
it is dirty or scratched.
It is only at the highest level - and only this level is truly specialized
in music - that it is defined how music is encoded on a CD (CD
quality): 44.1 kHz, 16 bit stereo.
15.2.2 Yellow Book
In 1984 - for years after the first standard - the Yellow Book
followed. This standard also originated with Sony and Philips. At the
same time, the computer began to win the field. The significance of
the CD as a storage medium for program files or applications for PC
use was recognized very quickly. Thus, the CD-ROM was born.
Two further track types are defined in the Yellow Book, which have
been designated as Mode 1 and Mode 2 (originally only defined with
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