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104 of 133
Version 3.0 Rev r000
Date 25-08-2010
Part No. 96000001
Figure 88: Concept of refraction due to different sound velocities in the water column
The velocity of sound in water varies both horizontally and vertically. It cannot be assumed that the
velocity of sound in the water column remains constant over large areas or throughout the day in a
more local area. The main influences on sound velocity are: Conductivity (salinity), Temperature and
Depth (pressure).
1 ° C change in Temperature = 4.0 m/sec change in velocity
1 ppt change in Salinity = 1.4 m/sec change in velocity
100 m change in Depth (10 atm’s pressure) = 1.7 m/sec change in velocity
Figure 89: Sound velocity profile
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