928 Mixing Console
Edition:
07.02.01 Alignment, general E 3/11
3.2 Alignment, general information
• The mixing console should be aligned only when it has reached its
operating temperature.
• For measuring the levels on the line outputs they must not be loaded
with less than 10 kΩ.
• Work should be performed in the indicated sequence only, because
several of the steps are prerequisites for subsequent steps.
• All fixing screws of the modules must be firmly tightened. Solid ground
connections and the specified EMC values are only achievable if all
modules are correctly inserted and fastened.
3.2.1 Level definitions
Level specification: The nominal level specified in dBu is based on a fixed voltage as ref-
erence level:
0 dBu 0.775 V
rms
Nominal level in dBu: Nominal level = level at full amplitude
The nominal level corresponds to the level at full amplitude. The terms
nominal level, studio level, and line level are used as synonyms. The
nominal level is used as the 0 dB value for all relative level specifica-
tions.
Output level: 0 dB PPM = nominal level
0 VU = nominal level minus 6 dB*
* 6 dB corresponds to a commonly used lead of the VU indicator.
PPM consoles Peak Program Meters as quasi-peak-indicating instruments indicate
the level of a sine wave as RMS value. A signal with nominal level
results in an indication of 0 dB.
VU consoles For a continuous tone, a VU instrument indicates a value that is too
high by the amount of the lead. For a 0 VU reading the level of the test
signal must be reduced by the lead value.
VU consoles are frequently set to a nominal value of +10 dBu, i.e.,
with a 6 dB lead of the VU meter a level of +4 dBu is indicated as
0 VU.
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