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8719ET
Agilent Technologies 8719ET User Manual
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3-
29
Making Time D
o
m
ain Measurements
Windowi
ng
Fi
gu
re
3-
2
3
The Effe
c
ts of W
indowing on the T
ime Domain Responses of a S
h
ort
Circ
uit (Real Format)
212
214
Table of Contents
Default Chapter
1
Network Analyzers
1
Safety Notes
3
Table of Contents
5
Making Measurements
15
Using this Chapter
16
More Instrument Functions Not Described in this Guide
17
Making a Basic Measurement
18
Step 1. Connect the Device under Test and any Required Test Equipment
18
Step 2. Choose the Measurement Parameters
18
Step 3. Perform and Apply the Appropriate Error-Correction
19
Step 4. Measure the Device under Test
19
Step 5. Output the Measurement Results
20
Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response
21
Measuring the Magnitude Response
21
Measuring Insertion Phase Response
22
Using Display Functions
24
Titling the Active Channel Display
25
Viewing both Primary Measurement Channels
26
Viewing Four Measurement Channels
28
Customizing the Four-Channel Display
31
Using Memory Traces and Memory Math Functions
33
Blanking the Display
35
Adjusting the Colors of the Display
36
Using Markers
38
To Use Continuous and Discrete Markers
38
To Activate Display Markers
39
To Move Marker Information off the Grids
40
To Use Delta (∆) Markers
42
To Activate a Fixed Marker
43
To Couple and Uncouple Display Markers
45
To Use Polar Format Markers
46
To Use Smith Chart Markers
47
To Set Measurement Parameters Using Markers
48
Setting the CW Frequency
52
To Search for a Specific Amplitude
53
To Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data
56
Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion
57
Measuring Electrical Length
57
Electrical Length
57
Phase Distortion (Deviation from Linear Phase, Group Delay)
57
Measuring Phase Distortion
59
Characterizing a Duplexer (es Analyzers Only)
63
Definitions
63
Procedure
63
Measuring Amplifiers
66
Measuring Gain Compression
67
Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation Simultaneously (es Analyzers Only)
71
(ES Analyzers Only)
71
Making High Power Measurements with Option 085 (es Analyzers Only)
73
Making High Power Measurements with Option 012 (es Analyzers Only)
79
Using the Swept List Mode to Test a Device
81
Connect the Device under Test
81
Observe the Characteristics of the Filter
82
Choose the Measurement Parameters
82
Calibrate and Measure
84
Using Limit Lines to Test a Device
86
Setting up the Measurement Parameters
86
Creating Flat Limit Lines
87
Creating a Sloping Limit Line
89
Creating Single Point Limits
91
Editing Limit Segments
92
Running a Limit Test
93
Offsetting Limit Lines
93
Using Ripple Limits to Test a Device
95
Setting up the List of Ripple Limits to Test
95
Editing Ripple Test Limits
98
Running the Ripple Test
100
Using Bandwidth Limits to Test a Bandpass Filter
106
Setting up Bandwidth Limits
106
Running a Bandwidth Test
108
Using Test Sequencing
112
How to Use Test Sequencing
112
Creating a Sequence
112
Running a Sequence
114
Stopping a Sequence
114
Editing a Sequence
114
Clearing a Sequence from Memory
116
Changing the Sequence Title
117
Naming Files Generated by a Sequence
117
Storing a Sequence on a Disk
118
Loading a Sequence from Disk
118
Purging a Sequence from Disk
118
Printing a Sequence
119
In-Depth Sequencing Information
119
Using Test Sequencing to Test a Device
128
Cascading Multiple Example Sequences
128
Loop Counter Example Sequence
129
Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence
130
Limit Test Example Sequence
132
Making Mixer Measurements (Option 089 Only)
135
Using this Chapter
136
Mixer Measurement Capabilities
137
Measurement Considerations
138
Minimizing Source and Load Mismatches
138
Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses
139
Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals
140
How RF and if Are Defined
141
Frequency Offset Mode Operation
143
LO Frequency Accuracy and Stability
144
Differences between Internal and External R Channel Inputs
144
Power Meter Calibration
146
Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Offset Mode
147
Setting Measurement Parameters for the Power Meter Calibration
148
Performing a Power Meter (Source) Calibration over the RF Range
149
Setting the Analyzer to Make an R Channel Measurement
151
High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss
154
Set Measurement Parameters for the if Range
154
Perform a Power Meter Calibration over the if Range
154
Perform a Receiver Calibration over the if Range
156
Set the Analyzer to the RF Frequency Range
156
Perform a Power Meter Calibration over the RF Range
157
Perform the High Dynamic Range Measurement
158
Fixed if Mixer Measurements
161
Tuned Receiver Mode
161
Sequence 1 Setup
161
Sequence 2 Setup
166
Phase or Group Delay Measurements
169
Phase Measurements
169
Phase Linearity and Group Delay
169
Amplitude and Phase Tracking
173
Conversion Compression Using the Frequency Offset Mode
174
Isolation Example Measurements
179
LO to RF Isolation
179
RF Feedthrough
181
SWR / Return Loss
184
Chapter 3 Making Time Domain Measurements Using this Chapter
186
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
187
Making Transmission Response Measurements
189
Making Reflection Response Measurements
193
Time Domain Bandpass Mode
196
Adjusting the Relative Velocity Factor
196
Reflection Measurements Using Bandpass Mode
196
Transmission Measurements Using Bandpass Mode
198
Time Domain Low Pass Mode
199
Setting the Frequency Range for Time Domain Low Pass
199
Reflection Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass
200
Fault Location Measurements Using Low Pass
202
Transmission Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass
203
Transforming CW Time Measurements into the Frequency Domain
206
Forward Transform Measurements
206
Masking
210
Windowing
211
Range
214
Resolution
216
Response Resolution
216
Range Resolution
218
Gating
219
Setting the Gate
219
Selecting Gate Shape
220
Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
221
Using this Chapter
222
Printing or Plotting Your Measurement Results
223
Configuring a Print Function
224
Defining a Print Function
226
If You Are Using a Color Printer
226
To Reset the Printing Parameters to Default Values
227
Printing One Measurement Per Page
228
Printing Multiple Measurements Per Page
229
Configuring a Plot Function
230
If You Are Plotting to an HPGL/2 Compatible Printer
230
If You Are Plotting to a Pen Plotter
232
If You Are Plotting Measurement Results to a Disk Drive
233
Defining a Plot Function
235
Choosing Display Elements
235
Selecting Auto-Feed
235
Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors
236
Selecting Line Types
237
Choosing Scale
237
Choosing Plot Speed
238
To Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values
238
Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter
239
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Pen Plotter
240
If You Are Plotting to an HPGL Compatible Printer
241
To View Plot Files on a PC
242
Using Ami Pro
243
Using Freelance
243
Converting HPGL Files for Use with Other PC Applications
244
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to a Plotter
244
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer
245
Step 1. Store the HPGL Initialization Sequence
245
Step 2. Store the Exit HPGL Mode and Form Feed Sequence
246
Step 3. Send the HPGL Initialization Sequence to the Printer
246
Step 4. Send the Plot File to the Printer
246
Step 5. Send the Exit HPGL Mode and Form Feed Sequence to the Printer
246
Outputting Single Page Plots Using a Printer
246
Outputting Multiple Plots to a Single Page Using a Printer
247
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page from Disk
248
To Plot Multiple Measurements on a Full Page
249
To Plot Measurements in Page Quadrants
250
Titling the Displayed Measurement
252
Configuring the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp
253
Aborting a Print or Plot Process
253
Printing or Plotting the List Values or Operating Parameters
254
If You Want a Single Page of Values
254
If You Want the Entire List of Values
254
Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting
255
Saving and Recalling Instrument States
256
Places Where You Can Save
256
What You Can Save to the Analyzer's Internal Memory
256
What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk
257
What You Can Save to a Computer
257
Saving an Instrument State
258
Saving Measurement Results
259
ASCII Data Formats
261
Saving in Textual (CSV) Form
264
Saving in Graphical (JPEG) Form
266
Instrument State Files
267
Saving Time Gated Frequency Data
269
Differences between Raw, Data, and Format Arrays
269
Re-Saving an Instrument State
271
Deleting a File
272
To Delete an Instrument State File
272
To Delete All Files
272
Renaming a File
273
Recalling a File
274
Formatting a Disk
274
Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling Files
275
If You Are Using an External Disk Drive
275
Optimizing Measurement Results Using this Chapter
278
Taking Care of Microwave Connectors
279
Increasing Measurement Accuracy
280
Interconnecting Cables
280
Improper Calibration Techniques
280
Sweeping too Fast for Electrically Long Devices
280
Connector Repeatability
280
Temperature Drift
281
Frequency Drift
281
Performance Verification
281
Reference Plane and Port Extensions
281
Maintaining Test Port Output Power During Sweep Retrace
283
Making Accurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices
284
The Cause of Measurement Problems
284
To Improve Measurement Results
284
Increasing Sweep Speed
286
To Use Swept List Mode
286
To Decrease the Frequency Span
287
To Set the Auto Sweep Time Mode
288
To Widen the System Bandwidth
288
To Reduce the Averaging Factor
288
To Reduce the Number of Measurement Points
288
To Set the Sweep Type
288
To View a Single Measurement Channel
289
To Activate Chop Sweep Mode
289
To Use External Calibration
289
To Use Fast 2-Port Calibration (es Analyzers Only)
289
Increasing Dynamic Range
291
Increase the Test Port Input Power
291
Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor
291
Reduce the Receiver Crosstalk
291
Reducing Noise
292
To Activate Averaging
292
To Change System Bandwidth
292
To Use Direct Sampler Access Configurations (Option 012 Only)
293
Reducing Receiver Crosstalk
294
Reducing Recall Time
294
Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy How to Use this Chapter
296
Introduction
297
Calibration Considerations
298
Measurement Parameters
298
Device Measurements
298
Clarifying Type-N Connector Sex
298
Omitting Isolation Calibration
298
Saving Calibration Data
299
Restarting a Calibration
299
The Calibration Standards
299
Frequency Response of Calibration Standards
300
Interpolated Error Correction
302
Error-Correction Stimulus State
303
Procedures for Error Correcting Your Measurements
304
Types of Error Correction
304
Frequency Response Error Corrections
306
Response Error Correction for Reflection Measurements
306
Response Error Correction for Transmission Measurements
308
Receiver Calibration
309
Frequency Response and Isolation Error Corrections
311
Response and Isolation Error Correction for Transmission Measurements
311
Response and Isolation Error Correction for Reflection Measurements
313
Enhanced Frequency Response Error Correction
316
Enhanced Reflection Calibration
319
One-Port Reflection Error Correction
320
Full Two-Port Error Correction (es Analyzers Only)
323
Power Meter Measurement Calibration
327
Loss of Power Meter Calibration Data
327
Interpolation in Power Meter Calibration
328
Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data
328
Compensating for Directional Coupler Response
329
Using Sample-And-Sweep Correction Mode
330
Using Continuous Correction Mode
332
Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices
334
Adapter Removal Calibration (es Analyzers Only)
335
Perform the 2-Port Error Corrections
336
Verify the Results
339
Matched Adapters
339
Modify the Cal Kit Thru Definition
340
Minimizing Error When Using Adapters
341
Making Non-Coaxial Measurements
342
Fixtures
342
Calibrating for Non-Coaxial Devices (es Analyzers Only)
344
TRL Error Correction
344
LRM Error Correction
348
Create a User-Defined LRM Calibration Kit
348
Perform the LRM Calibration
350
Calibrating Using Electronic Calibration (Ecal)
352
Set up the Measurement
352
Connect the Ecal Equipment
353
Select the Ecal Options
354
Perform the Calibration
356
Display the Module Information
358
Perform the Confidence Check
359
Investigating the Calibration Results Using the Ecal Service Menu
361
Adapter Removal Using Ecal (es Analyzers Only)
363
Perform the 2-Port Error Corrections
365
Determine the Electrical Delay
367
Remove the Adapter
368
Verify the Results
369
Operating Concepts
371
Using this Chapter
372
Where to Find more Information
372
System Operation
373
The Built-In Synthesized Source
373
The Built-In Test Set
374
The Receiver Block
374
The Microprocessor
374
Required Peripheral Equipment
374
Processing
375
Processing Details
376
Output Power
379
Understanding the Power Ranges
379
Power Coupling Options
380
Sweep Time
381
Manual Sweep Time Mode
381
Auto Sweep Time Mode
381
Minimum Sweep Time
381
Source Attenuator Switch Protection
383
Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator
383
Channel Stimulus Coupling
384
Sweep Types
385
Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz)
385
Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz)
385
Stepped List Frequency Sweep (Hz)
385
Swept List Frequency Sweep (Hz)
387
Power Sweep (Dbm)
389
CW Time Sweep (Seconds)
389
Selecting Sweep Modes
389
S-Parameters
390
Understanding S-Parameters
390
The S-Parameter Menu
392
Analyzer Display Formats
394
Log Magnitude Format
394
Phase Format
394
Group Delay Format
395
Smith Chart Format
396
Polar Format
397
Linear Magnitude Format
397
SWR Format
398
Real Format
399
Imaginary Format
399
Group Delay Principles
399
Electrical Delay
403
Noise Reduction Techniques
404
Averaging
404
Smoothing
405
IF Bandwidth Reduction
405
Measurement Calibration
407
What Is Accuracy Enhancement
407
What Causes Measurement Errors
408
Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors
411
How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement
421
Calibration Routines
424
Response Calibration
424
Response and Isolation Calibration
424
Enhanced Response Calibration
424
Full Two-Port Calibration (es Models Only)
425
TRL*/LRM* Two-Port Calibration
425
E-Cal
426
Modifying Calibration Kits
427
Definitions
427
Procedure
428
Modify Calibration Kit Menu
428
Verify Performance
435
Saving Modified Calibration Kits to a Disk
435
Modifying and Saving a Calibration Kit from the Calibration Kit Selection Menu
436
TRL*/LRM* Calibration (es Models Only)
437
Why Use TRL Calibration
437
TRL Terminology
438
How TRL*/LRM* Calibration Works
438
Improving Raw Source Match and Load Match for TRL*/LRM* Calibration
441
How True TRL/LRM Works (Option 400 Only)
442
The TRL Calibration Procedure
442
GPIB Operation
448
Local Key
448
GPIB STATUS Indicators
449
System Controller Mode
449
Talker/Listener Mode
449
Pass Control Mode
449
Address Menu
450
Using the Parallel Port
450
Limit Line Operation
452
Edit Limits Menu
453
Edit Segment Menu
453
Offset Limits Menu
453
Knowing the Instrument Modes
454
Network Analyzer Mode
454
Tuned Receiver Mode
454
Frequency Offset Operation (Option 089)
455
Safety and Regulatory Information General Information
458
Maintenance
458
Assistance
458
Shipment for Service
458
Safety Symbols
460
Instrument Markings
460
Safety Considerations
461
Safety Earth Ground
461
Before Applying Power
461
Servicing
462
General
463
Compliance with German FTZ Emissions Requirements
464
Compliance with German Noise Requirements
464
Compliance with Canadian EMC Requirements
464
Declaration of Conformity
465
Other manuals for Agilent Technologies 8719ET
Programmer's Guide
541 pages
Service Guide
482 pages
Configuration Guide
12 pages
4
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Agilent Technologies 8719ET Specifications
General
Brand
Agilent Technologies
Model
8719ET
Category
Measuring Instruments
Language
English
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