Delphi Multec 3.5 User Manual

Fundamentals Multec 3.5 Fuel Injector Application Manual
2-4 Delphi Energy and Chassis Systems
Revision: 11/05-1
Since the A/F will vary depending on the makeup of hydrocarbons in the
gasoline, a more appropriate method for referencing A/F is to use a
normalized value. In this way, we can refer to stoichiometric A/F as equal
to 1, regardless of the makeup of the gasoline. Two such terms are
commonly used:
• Lambda (λ), where λ= (A/F actual) / (A/F stoichiometric). This is also
referred to as the excess air ratio.
• λ > 1.00 for lean mixtures
• λ < 1.00 for rich mixtures
• Equivalence Ratio (φ), where φ= (F/A actual) / (F/A stoichiometric)
• φ < 1.00 for lean mixtures
• φ > 1.00 for rich mixtures
Fuel Type Stoichiometric Air /Fuel
Ratio
Typical Unleaded
Gasoline
14.5 (Range 14.2 – 14.8)
10% Ethanol Blend 13.9
24% Ethanol Blend 13.3
85% Ethanol Blend* 9.95
15% MTBE Blend 14.1
100% Ethanol* 9.0
*Non-standard fuels requiring special fuel rail and injector
components.
Table 2-1 - Stoichiometry of Alternate Fuel Blends
2.2.1.2 Stoichiometric “Ideal” Combustion Mixtures
Complete or “ideal” combustion produces by-products of carbon dioxide
(CO
2
), nitrogen (N
2
) and water (H
2
O). However, ideal combustion does
not occur in an actual engine. The chemical equilibrium required is often
difficult to achieve. Transient operating conditions, combustion chamber

Delphi Multec 3.5 Specifications

General

Brand	Delphi
Model	Multec 3.5
Category	Laboratory Equipment
Language	English