7.  THEORY OF OPERATION  
7.1 Harmonic Vibrations 
A vibration in a tire and rim assembly can be caused by: 
Imbalance 
Change in Sidewall Stiffness (Force Variation) 
Rim Bent/Out-of-Round 
Tire Out-of-Round 
Wheel to Axle Mounting Error* 
Brake Component Wear or Failure* 
Drivetrain or Engine Component Wear or Failure* 
Vehicle Component Characteristics* 
Combination of Some or All Factors 
*Factors not detected by the GSP9720JLR Series Road Force Measurement System. 
A vibration that occurs one time for every revolution is defined as a first harmonic 
vibration:
GSP9720JLR Wheel Balancer Operation Instructions  Theory of Operation 
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