5-1
Keysight Microwave Network Analyzers
2-Port and 4-Port PNA Series
Service Guide
5 Theory of Operation
Information in This Chapter
This chapter provides a general description of the operating theory of the
N5221A/22A 2-port and 4-port PNA microwave network analyzers.
— Theory of operation is explained to the assembly level only.
— Component-level circuit theory is not provided.
— Simplified block diagrams are included for each functional group.
— More detailed block diagrams are located at the end of Chapter 4,
“Troubleshooting.”
Chapter Five at-a-Glance
Although simplified block diagrams are included within the description of
each functional group, it is recommended that the more detailed block
diagrams, located at the end of Chapter 4, be available for reference, as
you read the information in this chapter.
Section Title Summary of Content Start Page
Network Analyzer System
Operation
A summary of the theory of operation for the analyzer.
A summary of the operation of the major functional groups
of the analyzer.
page 5-2
Synthesized Source Group
Operation
Operation of the assemblies associated with the source
group.
page 5-6
Signal Separation Group
Operation
Operation of the assemblies associated with signal
separation, including the operation of optional source
attenuators, and bias tees.
page 5-16
Receiver Group Operation Operation of the assemblies associated with the receiver
group including the operation of optional receiver
attenuators.
page 5-21
Digital Processing and Digital
Control Group Operation
Operation of the assemblies associated with digital
processing and digital control.
page 5-26
Power Supply Group Operation Operation of the power supply assembly group. page 5-31
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